Sentences, Clauses and Phrases-English Grammar

page(401-444)

These three structures are a common part of English, and are all composed of groups of words. Clauses, phrases and sentences are very similar, but they do have different roles. Learning the difference between them will help you make a lot more sense of English grammar, and will be very useful to improve your written English.

What is a phrase?

Words can be grouped together, but without a subject or a verb. This is called a phrase.

Because a phrase has neither subject nor verb, it can’t form a ‘predicate’. This is a structure that must contain a verb, and it tells you something about what the subject is doing.

Phrases can be very short – or quite long. Two examples of phrases are:

“After dinner”

“Waiting for the rain to stop”.

Phrases can’t be used alone, but you can use them as part of a sentence, where they are used as parts of speech.

What is a clause?

Clauses are groups of words that have both subjects and predicates. Unlike phrases, a clause can sometimes act as a sentence – this type of clause is called an independent clause. This isn’t always the case, and some clauses can’t be used on their own – these are called subordinate clauses, and need to be used with an independent clause to complete their meaning.

An example of a subordinate clause is “When the man broke into the house”

An example of an independent clause is “the dog barked at him”

While the independent clause could be used by itself as a complete sentence, the subordinate clause could not. For it to be correct, it would need to be paired with another clause: “When the man broke into the house, the dog barked at him.”

What is a sentence?

A complete sentence has a subject and predicate, and can often be composed of more than one clause. As long as it has a subject and a predicate, a group of words can form a sentence, no matter how short.

E.g. “You ate fish.”

More complex sentences can combine multiple clauses or phrases to add additional information about what is described. Clauses may be combined using conjunctions – such as “and”, “but” and “or”.

E.g. “He went out to dinner but didn’t enjoy the meal.”

This example is composed of two independent clauses, “he went out to dinner” and “he didn’t enjoy the meal”, combined with a conjunction- “but”.

Sentences, Clauses and Phrases

: Sentence

; Sentence

1. (Subject)

2.(Predicate)

He                    worked.

My sister          cleaned the table

She                  danced beautifully

His father        has worked in America.

The bird           flies in the sky.

Shoot

Go

Com on

Look out

1. Simple Sentence

2.Compound sentence

3. Complex sentence
4. Compound-complex Sentence (401)

Simple Sentence

:Simple sentence

: Simple sentence  ( Subject)  (Verb) :-

My son does his exercises every day .

The little boy often buys some toys.

Having finished his dinner, he went to read in the sitting room.

Walking along the street, he saw a car accident.

Unfortunately, she found her house burned.

: –

Having finished his dinner, he went to read in the sitting-room. Verb noun   Simple Sentence Simple Sentence Verb Finite Verb  went  Non-finite Verb having finished u Participle, to read Infinitive,  sitting  gerund  Simple Sentence  Simple Sentence

 

: – *1)  (Declarative Sentence) :

I live in Chiangmai.

He will be back here in few minutes.

2) (Negative Sentence) :-

I do not (don’t) live in Bangkok.

He isn’t able to speak French fluently. ( 402)

 

 

3) (Interrogative Sentence)

Were you born in Bangkok?

Does he own this house?

4) (Imperative Sentence)

Please open the window.

Be quiet in the library.

Get out of here.

5) (Exclamatory Sentence)

There goes the bus !

What a terrible temper he has !

How cold it is

 

Compound Sentence

: Compound Sentence ? Compound sentence

: Compound Sentence   Simple Sentence  Co-ordinator

simple Sentence

 

He is poor.                  He is honest

 

 

Compound Sentence

 

He is poor but he is honest.               (403)

Compound Sentence :

1. (Punctuation)
2. (Conjunctive Adverb)
3. (Co-ordinate Conjunction)

Simple  Sentence Compound Sentence :-

 

Semicolon(;)

Colon Dash(:)

Dash (-)

Comma(,)

 

Semi-colon (;)   period (.)  Semicolon: –

Daeng  was sick ;  He didn’t work yesterday.

Daeng was sick . he didn’t work yesterday.

Colon (: ) Dash (-) Colon  Dash :-

Daeng was sick : he didn’t work yesterday .

Daeng was sick – the cat work yesterday.

= Daeng was sick ; he didn’t work yesterday,

= Daeng was sick. He didn’t work yesterday.

Comma (,) Comma :-

I tooked  around here. Sombat was writing a letter, Wichit was reading, Nipon was dat exercise . (404)

 

1. Conjunctive Adverb Sentence

Conjunctive Adverb  Simple Sentence  Compound Sentence :-

1)

however                       moreover

furthermore                  nevertheless

consequently                accordingly

meanwhile                  therefore ดังนั้น

– John was sick ; however, he did go to school .

Amnat had a bad cold ; therefore, he didn’t work.

She was tired and thirsty ; moreover, she was cold.

I don’t know this man ; nevertheless, I don’t trust him.

My friend has stayed with me at home for a long time ; meanwhile, I take him to see Wat Po.

Semi-colon     Comma

Transitional Word      Adverb                       Conjunctive :-

otherwise           thus

still                 Hence

yet

( Comma )

Do what you are told, otherwise you’ll be punished.

There is no rain in the country, hence the crops are likely to die.

David was sick , thus he went to see a doctor.

He worked very hard, still he didn’t complain.

Conjunctive Adverb (Co-ordinate conjunction):-

 

Do what you are told, or otherwise you’ll be punished.

(otherwise or)

David was sick , and thus he went to see a doctor.

(thus and)

 

III. Co-ordinate Conjunction

Co-ordinate Conjunctionก  Simple Sentence  Compound Sentence

1. (Cumulative)
2. (Disjunctive)
3. (Adversative) but
4. (illative)

1.1   and    and (The cumulative and-type)  Compound Sentence : –

and

and….too .

and… . also

as well as

and……. . as well

both….and .

not only……but also

Mary is tired and hungry.

Mary is tired and hungry too.

Mary is tired and hungry also.           (406)

 

 

Mary is tired and also hungry.

Mary is tired as well as hungry.

Mary is tired and hungry as well, Mary is both tired and hungry.

Mary is not only tired but also hungry.

Conjunctive Adverb

Mary is tired and hungry: moreover, she is cold.

2.3   or

(The Disjunctive Or-type )  Compound Sentence

or

or else

either……or

neither…nor

He must go now, or he will miss the plane.

He must do this, or else he’ll be punished.

Either you or he has to do this.

Neither you nor your friends have to go to school on Sunday.

or-type  Conjunctive Adverb  otherwise :-

– Do so I told you ; otherwise you’ll be punished

(otherwise   or-type Semi-Colon (;)   ( 407)

 

3.3 but (The Adverb the type) a Compound Sentence.

but

while

whereas

yet

still

: Sombat didn’t work hard, but he passed his examination.

She is very beautiful, while all her sisters are ugly .

Wise men lie truth, whereas fools shun it,

Robert worked well, yet he failed.

The pain was bond,  he did not complain. But-type  Conjunctive Adverb :-

However=

The sun is shining however, I’m sure it’il rain.

nevertheless =

There was no news; nevertheless, she went on hoping .

on the other hand=,This shirt is cheap ;on the other hand , quality a poor.

for all that  =

Sak says he’s right ; for all that, I’m sure he’s worng.

 

4.4 so  so (The Illative So-type) :-

 

So

For

Therefore

Consequently

Accordingly

So : It’s time to go , so let’s start our journey.

For: I went in, for the door was open.

 

Therefore: He was found guilty ; therefore, he was imprisoned

Consequently: Chat was sick ; consequently, he didn’t go to school.

According : Jonh won the lotter ;  accordingly, he bought a new bicycle.

( therefore, consequently, accordingly )

 

Complex Sentence

: Complex Sentence

: Complex Sentence Mian Clause Principle Clause   Subordinate Clause Main Clause (Principle Clause)  Subordinate Clause ) :-

 

This is the house that Jack bought last year.

 

This is the house   main Clause that Jack bought last year Subordinate Clause ( Simple Sentence) Complex Sentence  (409)

Complex Sentence   main Clause Subordinate :

1) ( Subordinate Conjunction)

 

If                        as if                 since                because            that

Whether             lest                   as                     before              after

White                 till                    until                 though             although

Unless                so that             than                 provided          in order that

Provided that     notwithstanding that etc.:-

 

He is unhappy because he is very poor.

She said that she would come back soon.

Danai works as if he were a machine.

Wait here until I come back.

(Complex Sentence )

2)  (Relative Pronoun)

 

who    whom  whose which that      as        but       what   of which         where

He is the first man who has won this kind of prize.

She made the same mistakes as her sister did.

The man who came here this morning is my uncle.

There was no one but admired him.

The tree of which the leaves are yellow is dying.

(Complex Sentence who, but, of which )

 

3) (Relative Adverb)   :-

When  whenever where why wherever how  (Page 410)

 

: I don’t know when she arrives here.

He will go wherever she live

He will go wherever she lives.

Do you know she did it?

I don’t understand why you have done that.

(Complex Sentence when, wherever, how why )

 

Compound Complex Sentence

: Compound Complex Sentence

: Compound Complex Sentence Compound Complex Sentence (Mixed Sentence): –

 

I saw no one in the house which you had told me about , so I didn’t go in.

(I saw no one in the house which you had told me about  so I didn’t go in  which you had hold me about    Compound Complex Sentence)

 

I couldn’t remember what his name is , but I will ask him.

Say which of the following sentences is Simple, Compound, Complex or Compound
Complex.
1. Small things become strong by being united among themselves.
2 Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.
3. The man who came here this morning is my uncle.
4. Please tell me which book you want in this shop
5. He lost the radio which he borrowed from me, so he couldn’t face with me again.
6. Not only I but all other men declare this to be true
7 The sun rising, we continued our journey.
8. The men arrived at the camp at sunset, exhausted and depressed. (Page 411)

9 Having finished their work, they all went back home by bus
10. I don’t know anyone in this office, so I can’t go in.

11. seeing the enemies, he told his men to lie down and be ready to fight.
    12. You must give up drinking, or else I will help you no more.1. Simple
12. Compound
13. Complex
    4. Complex
14. Compound Complex
15. Compound
    7. Simple
16. Compound
17. Simple
    10. Compound
    11. Compound
    12. CompoundClause
    Clause? Clause Sentence Clause i

    Clause clause ” Clause Sentence
    Sentence

    Clause

    Sentence
    This is the boy
    Who is industrious ?
    ( Sentence)
    Clause
    This is the boy who is industrious.

    (Sentence Clause This is the boy เป็น Main
    Clause  Principal Clause who is industrious  Subordinate Clause

    Clause

    Clause
    1, Noun Clause
    2. Adjective Clause
    3. Adverb Clause

    1.1 Noun Clause
    Clause Noun Clause   (Page 412)

1) Noun Clause that
2) noun Clause where, which, where, when, why, who, whose, whom  Noun Clause

I don’t know how he did it
What you want is in the bag.
Who she is is still a question.
He said that he knew you.

Noun Clause )
(Function)  Noun Clause
Noun Clause

(Subject)

What she is doing seems very difficult.

(What she is doing seems)
Where he lives is not known.

(Where he lives is not known)
2) (Object)
I want to know where she lives.

(Where she lives incision know)
He promised that he would pay back the debt.

(that he would pay back the debt promised)
3)  (Object) (Preposition)
Wanna laughed at what you said.   (Page 413)

(What you said runs at)
She is waiting for what she wants.
(What she wants for)
4) (Complement)

This is what you want.
(What you want a loan is
It seems that it is impossible.

(that it is impossible nseems)
He has become what we expected.

(What we expected become)
5) (Appositive)

His belief that coffee will keep him alert is incorrect

(that coffee will keep him alert)
The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.

(that he intended to come news)
a that (omission of that) Noun Clause
Noun Clause that that
(Informal) (Spoken Language) that

He says coffee grows in Brazil.
(He says that coffee grows in Brazil.)

I know he’ll return soon.
1 know that he’ll return soon.)

Noun Clause that   (Page 414)

1).that-clause    that

That coffee grows in Brazil
That she had decided to be engaged frightened me very much
2).that-clause appositive) that
The news that he was murderer is not true.
His belief that the earth moves around the sun is correct.

3).that-clause It is ( It was) that
It is true that the earth moves around the sun.
It is impossible that he has done this by himself.

2.2 Adjective Clause   Adjective
Adjective Clause
Adjective

Adjective Clause (Relative Words)

1. Relative Pronoun

who, whom, whose, which of which, that, as, but
2. Relative Adverb

when, why, where

– Antecedent

Adjective Clause   Antecedent  Antecedent
Antecedent  Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause     Antecedent   (Page 415)

The man who came here this morning is my uncle.

(Who came here this morning Adjective Clause   man au Antecedent   Adjective Clause)

This is the house where I live.

(Where I live u Adjective Clause Tune house  Antecedent Adjective Clause

The man whose son died Last year won the first prize in the lottery.

(Whose son died last year in Adjective Clause Tuan man  Antecedent)

The boy whom you saw at the theatre is my brother.

(Whom you saw at the theatre  Adjective Clause boy au Antecedent)

I have lost the book which you lent me.
Sunday is the day when I have no work to do.
The reason why she wept is well-known.

of which  Adjective Clause

of which
(Animals and things)

The tree of which the leaves are yellow is dying
The tree the leaves of which are yellow is dying
The table of which the leg is broken is mine.
The table the leg of which is broken is mine.

(Person) Adjective Clause Whose

The woman whose house was burnt by the fire is very poor.  (page 416)

that Adjective Clause
“that” Relative Pronoun Adjective Clause
Antecedent
(Superlative Degree)

he is the most patient man that I have ever seen.

that   Adjective Clause  man Antecedent
the most patient.

She is the best student that I have ever seen.

2) (Ordinal Number)
China is the first country that I am going to visit.

Adjective Clause Antecedent

Mr.Brown is the second man that we have to go to see.

She is the third wife that he married to

3) (Quantitative Adjective)
“Money only thing that she needs.

that Adjective Clause   thing only

I have few books that I can share her.
He has many plans that he offers to us.
They are all merchandises that we export. (Page 417)

4). That (compound pronoun)

Someone         anyone             everyone          no one

Somebody       anybody          everybody       nobody

Something       anything          everything       nothing

Somewhere     anywhere         everything       nowhere

There is nothing that I can do for you.

is there anything that can be used to open this can ?

There is everything that we want. etc.

Adjective Clause a

Relative Pronoun  Adjective Clause as the same  such  (the same such as relative )

She does it the same way as I do.

He has the same trouble as I have.

She has such a trouble as you have.

I want such a house as he built in Bangkok.

Such……as    (preposition)

Today he wants to buy several things such as sugar, meat and flour.

but   Adjective Clause

but Relative Pronoun Adjective Clause

(=which………..not  who………..not)

There are some pupils but wish to continue in university T

here is no man here but wish to be a good person of the nation. (Page 418)

 

 

 

Out  Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronoun  Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause  Relative Pronoun

The man who came here yesterday is my uncle.

(Who Relative Pronoun Adjective Clause)

Adjective Clause  Relative Pronoun
Adjective Clause

1. (Spoken) (informal)
2. Relative  object
The pen I want is on the table.

(The pen that I want is on the table. )

(a that object  want)
The man you spoke to is our manager
(The man whom you spoke to is our manager.)

( who object
Mr. William is the tallest man I know
( Mr. William is the tallest man that I know.)

(or that 11iwneuna object know)

1. Relative Pronoun
Relative Pro Subject 1utl2:Tonwosiuma

2. in Relative Pronoun Comma u:
She is the woman worked here yesterday

She is the woman who worked here yesterday

who Adjective Clause

My friend, you met in Paris, is now back in Thailand.

: My friend, whom you met in Paris, is now back in Thailand.
( whom l whom comma)  (Page 419)

 

 

 

Preposition Adjective

 

Preposition  Adjective Clause   (Spoken)  (Formal) : –

 

Informal : The bicycle which you are looking for has been stolen.

Formal : The bicycle for which you are looking has been stolen.

Informal The man whom I borrowed a book from has left here.

Formal : The man from whom I borrowed a book has left here.

 

Adjective Clause  Relative  Antecedent

Relative   Adjective clause  Antecedent ( Adjective Clause) :

 

This is the house that Jack built.

(antecedent  that  house)

Rome, which is in Italy, is well-known.

(antecedent  which  Rome)

I have a brother who is an artist.

(antecedent  who  brother)

Relative (that, which, who, etc.)   antecedent  Relative   antecedent antecedent Relative:

 

What, Whatever, Whichever, Whoever :-

He doesn’t understand what I said.

(what  antecedent) Give this money to whoever is poor.

(whoever  antecedent)

She may take whichever she likes.

( whichever  antecedent)

You may eat whatever you need .                  (420)

 

3.3 Adverb Clause  Adverb Clause

 

I will go where you go.

( where you, there you go  Adverb Clause  go  (place)

He cannot work because he is ill.

because he is ill  Adverb Clause   work (reason)  cannot  work

The weather was so hot that he couldn’t work.

( so…that he couldn’t work  Adverb Clause  hot  ( Result)  hot )

You ought to say as I do.

( as I do  Adverb Clause  say  (manner)  say)

 

Adverb Clause: –

 

1 Adverb Clause of Manner

2. Adverb Clause of Place
3. Adverb Clause of Time
4. Adverb Clause of Reason
5. Adverb Clause of Result
6. Adverb Clause of Purpose
7. Adverb Clause of Concession
8. Adverb Clause of Comparison
9. Adverb Clause of Reservation)
10. Adverb Clause of Condition

Adverb Clause :

 

1) Adverb Clause of Manner  Clause  Adverb                      (421)

 

Adverb Clause of Manner Subordinate Con-junction :-

as

as if

as though

He works as a machine does.

(as a machine does   Adverb Clause of Manner  Adverb  work).

He treats me as if I were his slave.

(as if I were his slave  Adverb Clause  treats?

He acted as though he had been a doctor.

(as though he had been a doctor  Adverb Clause  acted )

 

2) Adverb Clause of Place  Clause   Adverb Clause  Relative Adverb : –

 

where

wherever

as far as .

as near as

He wants to die where he was born.

(where he was born เป็น Adverb Clause die )

I will go wherever she goes.

(wherever she goes   Adverb Clause )

The young boy ran as far as he could.

(as far as he could   Adverb Clause )              (422)

 

Billy drove his car as near the cliff as he could .

(As near…………..as he could Adverb Clause drove  )

 

3) Adverb Clause of Time   Clause  Adverb Clause of Time     Subordinate Conjunction : –

when                           as

while                          since

before                          till

after                              unti

whenever                     as soon as

as long as                    So long as

all the time (that)       by the time (that)

 

: When he saw us, he ran away.

(When he saw us  Adverb Clause )

I knew him well while I was in London.

(while I was in London   Adverb Clause knew )

The thief was caught as he was getting off a taxi.

(as he was getting off a taxi  Adverb Clause  caught )

Adverb Clause :

I have been here since the sun rose.

She will live here till  until the last day comes.

We talk of old times whenever we meet.      (423)

 

He had died before the doctor arrived.

I was born after the Second World War had ended. .

As soon as the bell rings, the boys will go home

I didn’t see you as long as I was in Bangkok.

So long as he is alive, no one can harm him.

I was unhappy all the time (that) I lived with her.

He will be watering in the garden by the time (that) I reach at his home. ถึ

 

4) Adverb Clause of Reason ( (cause))  Clause Clause of Reason

Subordinate Conjunction : –

because

as

since

now that

seeing that

whereas

inasmuch as

due to the fact that

owing to the fact that

in view of the fact that

because of the fact that

on account of the fact that

because :

He is unhappy because he is poor.  (because he is poor  Adverb Clause (unhappy)

He has decide to come because he loves music .

(because he loves music Adverb Clause come )

 

 

As:
I could not come as it rained hard yesterday.

(as it rained hard yesterday  Adverb Clause come)

As he was a fool, he refused to listen to me.

(as he was a fool  Adverb Clause  refused to listen  as  as comma

since :

Since you have worked very hard, you will certainly succeed.

(Since you have worked very hard เป็น Adverb Clause succeed )

I haven’t seen him since he was only at home.

(since he was only at home   Adverb Clause  haven’t seen)

now that

Seeing that

Now that

he was ill, he couldn’t come to work.

Seeing that

(now that seeing that) he was ill  Adverb Clause   couldn’t come to work  )

Whereas :

Whereas he disobeyed the law, he was punished.      (425)
(Whereas he disobeyed the law Adverb Clause punished)

inasmuch as:

Inasmuch as he did not finish working, he was not paid money.

(Inasmuch as he did not finish working  Adverb Clause did (not finish  )

due to the fact that :

was punished due to the fact that he disobeyed the law.

(due to the fact that he disobeyed   Adverb Clause  punished )

Adverb Clause

He failed owning to the fact that he was sick.

I agreed in view of the fact that your plan is good.

She failed because of the fact that she was sick.

On account of the fact that the country was at war, all the young men were drafted

5) Adverb Clause of Result clause  Adverb Clause of Result  Subordinate Conjunction :

so that

so+  Adj. + that

so + Adv. that

such + adj. + noun  + that.

So+ adj. + a noun + that

such + a + adj. + noun that  that.. ……….

:

He won the government lottery yesterday, so that he can now buy a motor-cycle. แมว (so that he can now buy a motor-cycle  Adverb Clause  Clause )

She is so weak that she can’t work hard.

(so.. that she can’t work hard Adverb Clause  weak )  (426)

 

 

On Uma sang so beautifully that everyone applauded her sound .

(S0….that everyone applauded her sound Adverb Clause)

 

Adverb Clause of Result

It is so hard a job that I can’t bear doing it.

Anne has such pretty hair that we enjoy looking at it.

They are such good servants that we let them go home every year.

It is such a hot day that I can’t go on working

She is a good lady that I beg to get married.

6) Adverb Clause of Purpose ( Clause  Adverb   Adverb Clause of Purpose 9uu Subordinate Conjunction  :-

so that

that

in order that

for the purpose that

in case (that)

for fear that

: – We eat that we may live.)

(that we may live  Adverb Clause  eat )

I study hard so that I may pass my examination. .

So that I may pass my examination  Adverb clause   hard )              (427)

 

 

She comes so she sees her mother.

(so  she sees her mother  Adverb Clause  comes)

Some people live in order that they may eat.

(in order that they may eat   Adverb Clause live   )

He took medicine for the purpose that he might recover.

(for the purpose that he might recover   Adverb Clause took  took)

I’m telling you this lest you should make a mistake.

(lest you should make a mistake  Adverb Clause telling  )

I helped him for fear that he failed in the exam.

(for fear that he failed in the exam  Adverb Clause  helped)

Don’t let him go too near the bank of the river in case he falls in.

(in case he falls in   Adverb Clause  go) *

1. that, so that in order that may, might lest should เสมอ
2. lest มี so that…………..not (428)

7) Adverb Clause of Concession  Clause  (Concession )  Adverb clause Subordinate Conjunction :-

 

though
although
even though
even if

however Adverb Adjective
admitting that
notwithstanding that
in spite of the fact that
despite the fact that
notwithstanding the fact that
.Adverb หรือ Adjective) + as

though comma:

He is honest, though he is poor.

(though he is poor  Adverb Clause honest
)
although :

Although he is stupid, he does his work well

(Although he is stupid  Adverb Clause does
even though even if :  –

I will get there, even though I have to walk all day.

I will get there, even if I have to walk all day.
(even though…… even if….. Adverb Clause will get there)
& Adverb (หรือ Adjective) + as
Much as I admire him, I dislike him doing that thing.
(=Although I admire him, I dislike him doing that thing.)                 (429)

 

(Much as I admire him Adverb Clause dislike )

 

 

Rich as he is, he is never happy.

(Rich as he is Adverb Clause is never happy )

however +Adverb

however +Adjective

 

However hard he tries, he never seems to succeed

(However hard he tries Adverb Clause never seems to succeed)

However difficult the problem is, she won’t give up.

(Adverb Clause)

admitting that he was poor , he decide not to cancel the wedding

(Admitting that……… Adverb Clause)

Adverb Clause:

He went on working notwithstanding that the sun was going to set.

She is going there in spite of the fact that I told her it was very dangerous.

Prem still becomes the Prime Minister despite the fact that he is not expert at economics.

He could pass his examination notwithstanding the fact that he didn’t study hard.

 

Adverb Clause of Concession:-                     (430)

 

 

whenever

whatever

wherever

พheather. . 0r not:
Whenever he arrives, he will be punished

Whatever you may say, I still think I did the right thing.

Wherever you put it, I could find it easily.

: why whyever no matter why:-:
No matter why he did that thing, he must be punished.

whatever Adjective :-
Whatever games he plays, he can’t do them well.

Whatever kind of books Samran wrote, everybody wants to read it.

Whether….or not

whether Adverb Clause of Concession
or not :-

Whether he likes it or not, he must take it.

Whether you are industrious or not, you must do it.

8) Adverb Clause of Comparison
clause Adverb Clause
Subordinate Conjunction: –
as + Adj. + as

as Adv. + as

not so + Adj. ( Adv.) + as

such +  + as

he is as clever  as you are.      (431)

 

 

(as as you are Adverb Clause clever)

John ran as fast as Billy did.

(as….as Billy did Adverb Clause)

He is not so tall as I am.

(not so…. . as I am Adverb Clause)

He didn’t write so fast as I did.

(so.. as I did   Adverb Clause)

He is cleverer than I am.

(I am Adverb Clause)

He loves her more than I do.

(than I do  Adverb Clause)

You worked harder than I did.

(than I did Adverb Clause)

Such a +as

Such + +as:

I have no such a pen as you have.

(such…as you have  Adverb Clause)

This is not such an easy work as you think.

(such…as you think u Adverb Clause)

There are not such things as you need.

The Clause, the + +Clause. :-             (432)

 

The more you learn, the more you get knowledge.

The sooner you finish your  work, the sooner you will go home.

The sooner, the better.

The more, the merrier.

9) Adverb Clause of Reservation () “: clause Subordinate Conjunction :-

except that,

except for the fact that

: – He knew nothing about what he did in Paris except that he was to go there.

(except hat he was to go there Adverb Clause)

She is a very good girl except that she rarely talks.

( except that she rarely talks เป็น Adverb Clause)

That was a very good concert, except for the fact that the singing was very bad.

(except for the fact that the singing was very bad Adverb Clause )

10) Adverb Clause of Condition (or supposition)

Clause                        Adverb :

 

If

If only

Unless

Supposing(that)

Providing ( that)

Provided (that)                        (433)

 

 

on condition (that)                  (providing)

in the event (that)

in case (that)

as long as

on the understanding that –

but that                        (if…not)

I would come with you if I were not so busy.

(if I were not so busy Adverb Clause would come )

If only he hadn’t gone to work there, he wouldn’t have been killed

(If only he hadn’t gone to work there Adverb Clause killed)

We won’t have the picnic unless the weather is good.

(Unless the weather is good Adverb Clause won’t have)

 

Adverb Clause

Supposing (that) it rains, what shall we do?

Provided (that) I am free, I shall come.

You may take this book from the library on condition that you return it next week .

Don’t let anybody do for him in the event that he fails to come.

In case I forget ,please remind me about that.

You may borrow my bicycle as long as you keep it clean.

I shall be so happy on the understanding that you all become friends.

would come with me but that he is so busy. (434)

 

But that it hat  Tense  Tense  chapter17

She would have fallen but that I caught her hand.

(=She would have fallen but that I had caught her hand.)

. Say which of the following sentences is Noun Clause, Adjective Clause or Adverb Clause

 

1. I have given him what he needs.

2 We heard that she had committed suicide.

3. This is the same story that I heard a few days ago.

4 He was born after the Second World War had ended.

5 As soon as the clock strikes three, I shall leave the office.

6. We found the tiger lying dead in the very place where it had been shot

.7. He is an excellent teacher except that he speaks too fast.

8.It was very unfortunate that you were taken ill

9. I have no money that I can lend you.
10. My grandmother had died before the doctor arrived.

 

pick out every Adverb Clause in the following sentences, and say to which kind it belongs.

11. I agree to this provided you sign your name.

12 John has been living in Thailand since he was ten years old.

13. He treated her as if she were his slave.
14. He wants to die where he was born
15. I knew him well while I was in America.
16. We couldn’t come as it rained hard yesterday.
17. As he was a fool, he refused to listen to me.
18. Siri was punished due to the fact that he disobeyed the law.
19. He took medicine for the purpose that he might recover.
20. I will get there, even if I have to walk all day.

 

1 what he needs noun clause object  given

2. that she had committed suicide noun clause heard
3. that I heard a few days ago adjective clause story

4 after the Second World War had ended u adverb clause born

5.as soon as the clock strikes three adverb clause leave

6. where it had been shot adjective clause place (Page 435)

 

7. except that he speaks too fast noun clause except
8. that you were taken ill noun clause Complement u04 unfortunate
9. that I can lend adjective clause money
10. before the doctor arrived adverb clause died
11. provided you sign you name adverb clause
12. since he was ten years old adverb clause
13. as if she were his slave adverb clause
14. where he was born adverb clause
15. while I was in America adverb clause
16. as it rained hard yesterday adverb clause
17. as he was a fool adverb clause
18. due to the fact that he disobeyed the law adverb clause
19. for the purpose that he might recover adverb clause
20. even if I have to walk all day adverb clause 1

 

Phrases

Phrase?

Phrase

 

 

1. Noun Phrase Phrase
2. Adjective Phrase phrase
3. Adverb Phrase phrase
4. Absolute Phrase phrase

 

1. Prepositional Phrase phrase preposition
2. Participial Phrase phrase participle
3. Gerundial Phrase phrase gerund
4. Infinitive Phrase phrase infinitive

 

5. Absolute Phrase phrase

Phrase Prepositional Phrase  Verb phrase

participle, gerund  infinitive   (Page 436)

 

 

Prepositional Phrase

phrase

because of

for fear of

by means of

account of

for the sake of

for want of

on (in) behalf of

by dint of

in accordance with

according to

in contrast to

owing to

in spite of

instead of

in the face of

in the event of

in case of

on consequence of

 

Soonthorn was absent from school because of his illness.

 

* (because of his illness Adverb absent)

 

They could not go anywhere because of the rain

 

– because of the rain could not go)

 

In spite of being late, he went to class.

 

(in spite of being late Adverb went)

comma

 

comma

They remained in their tents in consequence of the bad weather.

(In consequence of the bad weather, they remained in their tents )

 

2. Participial Phrase ( participle)

Phrase  Participle

1. Present Participial Phrase phrase

 

The gentleman crossing the street is an old friend of my father’s

crossing the street  participle gentleman)

Bill and Mary, hoping to pass this course, are working very hard.   (Page 437)

 

 

 

 

Hoping to pass this course. Bill and Mary are working very hard.

 

(hoping to us this course  participle   Bill Mary)

 

In the former time all passengers going to Udorn had to change trains at Korat

 

 

(going to Udorn Participle passengers)

 

2. Past Participial Phrase phrase

 

Anyone bitten by a mad dog should see a doctor at once

 

(bitten by a mad dog  participle anyone)

 

The jewelry stolen from our neighbor’s house was found by the police

(stolen from our neighbor’s house participle  jewelry)

 

President Reagan, supported by the people, made sure that he won the election

Supported by the people, President Reagan made sure that he won the election

 

participle (comma)

 

(Non-defining Relative Clause)

(Supported by the people participle Reagan)

 

3. Perfect Participial Phrase phrase having + verb

 

Anyone having talked with him will be convinced of his innocence.

(having talked with him participle )

 

Mr.Johnson, having been wounded in the Vietnam War, died a year later.

(Passive Participle)

(having been wounded in the Vietnam War  participle)

 

Many tourists having stayed in Thailand like the hospitalities of Thais

(having stayed in Thailand  participle   tourists)  (Page 438)

 

 

 

3. Gerundial Phrase (ing)

gerund

phrase gerund (ing)

• gerund gerund

 

i enjoy playing the piano.

We love watching the football match.

 

.(playing  watching. gerund  gerund)

 

2)  gerund (+ gerund)

 

I hear her singing an India song.

I saw him drawing a picture of a hen.

 

(her singing. him drawing……. gerund)

 

3) gerund (possessive + gerund)

She enjoys my playing the piano.

I like your speaking English.

 

(my playing. .  your speaking………. gerund)

4)  gerund (+ gerund)

 

She fainted on hearing the news.

He is used to eating rice and curry.

(on hearing……… to eating…….. gerund)

Gerundial Phrase

Gerundial Phrase

Gerundial Phrase

1) Subject

Her cleaning the wall every day is not necessary.   (Page 439)

 

 

 

 

Swimming every day is a good exercise

(her cleaning the wall every day 1: swimming every day  gerundial phrase

 

2) Object of Verb

My father appreciated my speaking English.

 

(my speaking English  gerundial phrase)

 

He likes walking in the morning every day.

(walking in.  gerundial phrase likes)

 

3)  Object of Preposition

She is interested in dancing every night.

(dancing every night  gerundial phrase)

 

I was accused of stealing her diamond last night.

(steading her diamond.. phrase ​​of)

 

4) Complement

What she wants is living with her husband in a foreign country.

What my father insists on is my going to school every day.

(living with.. my going to… gerundial phrase (Complement)  is

 

5) Appositive My father wants to get one thing.my going to school every day.

(my going to school every day  gerundial phrase  thing )

4. Infinitive Phrase (to )

 

phrase Infinitive  (Page 440)

 

	Simple	Continuous	Passive
General Form Perfect Form	to speak to have spoken	to be speaking to have been speaking	to be spoken to have been spoken

Infinitive Phrase

: Infinitive Phrase

: Infinitive Phrase

 

1) (Subject)

To cook breakfast every day is necessary.

(to cook breakfast….in Infinitive is)

 

2) (Object)

My shirt needs to be washed every day.

 

(to be washed……. infinitive needs)

 

3) (Complement)

Her job is to go shopping every morning.

(to go shopping……. infinitive is)

 

4) (Appositive)

There is one thing to cook breakfast every day.

(to cook.. . infinitive thing)

5) (Adjective)

Is there anything to do before sunset ?

(to do before sunset tuna infinitive anything)

i have no money to give you now.

(to give you now  infinitive money)   (Page 441)

 

(Adverbial Function)

Adjective  Adverb

I am very glad to have him back here in time.

(to have him back here in time  infinitive glad)

 

They walk quickly to catch the 10:00 train.

(to catch the 10:00 train  infinitive quickly)

 

comma

infinitive phrase

To speak English fluently, you must practice it orally every day

 

(to speak English fluently infinitive )

 

To do this properly, you must follow my direction carefully

(ta do this properly  infinitive)

5 Absolute Phrase

 

phrase (Finite Verb)

 

• Absolute Phrase ing

The train being late, they had to stay overnight at the station.

The pagoda ruined, the Department of Fine Arts had to repair it.

 

(the train being late,  the pagoda ruined Adverb  repair)

 

2) Absolute Phrase            having + having been +

 

The sun having set, they didn’t go back home.

The house having been burnt, we had to live under the tree

 

(the sun having set  the house having been burnt Absolute Phrase Adverb live)

(Page 442)

 

 

Absolute Phrase    COMMA

 

3) Absolute phrase

 

I stared at the stranger, my bare hands on the table.

(my bare hands were on the table.)

 

The old mining town was utterly deserted, its streets gray and dead.

(its streets were gray and dead.)

(My bare hands on the table  its streets gray and dead

Adverb stared at  deserted)

 

Combine each pair of the following simple sentences into One Simple Sentence

by using the prepositional phrase in parentheses. Make any necessary change.

 

Example : He was ill. He was absent from school. (owing to)

 

= He was absent from school owing to his illness

(or Owing to his illness, he was absent from school.)

1.It rained. They could not go any farther. (because of)

2. The weather was bad. They remained in their tents. (because of)
3. He saved money. He did it for his family. (for the sake of
4. The crops died. The crops wanted rain. (for want of)
5. He took an umbrella. He was afraid of being caught in the rain. (for fear of)
6. I gave him advice. He started drinking again. (in spite of)
7. She spoke seriously, She did it for the foreign students. (on behalf of)

Underline the phrase and say what kind it is.

 

8. I like the house with large rooms.
9. Mr.Steven, hoping to meet his father here, is coming.
10. The pupil punished by his teacher every day is very lazy.
11. His friend having been shot last night is now dead.
12. We saw him sleeping under the tree yesterday.
13. That lady is interested in dancing every night.
14. Her job is to go shopping every morning.
15. The house having been burnt, they had to live under the tree. (Page 443)

 

1. They could not go any farther because of rain.
2. Because of the bad weather, they remained in their tents.

 

(They remained in their tents because of the bad weather.)

3. He saved money for the sake of his family.
4. The crops died for want of rain.
5. He took an umbrella for fear of being caught in the rain.
6. In spite of my advice, he started drinking again.
7. On behalf of the foreign student, she spoke seriously.
8. with large rooms prepositional phrase
9. hoping to meet his father present participial phrase
10. punished by his teacher every day u past participial phrase
11. having been shot last night perfect participial phrase
12. him sleeping under the tree yesterday gerundial phrase
13. dancing every night gerundial phrase
14. to go shopping every morning infinitive phrase
15. the house having been burnt absolute phrase (Page 444)