Relative Clauses-English Grammar

What is a relative clause?

A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun. A relative clause always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined.

There are two types of relative clause: one type refers to a noun or noun phrase (these are defining and non-defining relative clauses) and the other type refers to a whole sentence or clause, especially in speaking.

page(445-452)

Chapter 20
Relative Clauses
Rclative Clause
Relative Cause Relative Clause Adjective Clause)

1. Defining Relative Clause
3 Non-defining Relative Clause
1.1 Defining Relative Clause
Adjective

15. defining
– clause
relative clause
The thief was arrested
The book was a novel.
defining relative clause
The thief who plundered the bank yesterday was arrested.

(who plundered the bank yesterday defining relative clause thief)
The book which I borrowed from the library three days ago was a novel.
(which I borrowed from the library three days ago defining relative clause )
defining relative clause
defining relative clause Adjective

2 comma (,)  noun defining relative clause (Page 445)

 

3. Relative Pronoun defining relative clause (Function)
   2.2 Non-defining Relative Clause
   clause
   Non-defining Relative Clause
   comma clauseJames Smith is coming to see me.
   Our teacher of English is getting married soon.
   non-defining relative clausejames Smith, who lives next door, is coming to see me.

   Our teacher of English, who returned abroad, is getting married soon.

   clause who lives next door who returned abroad
   Non-defining relative clause

   1. non-defining relative clause

   2. Comma Clause
   3. Relative Pronoun who, whom which
   that (Function)
   Relative Pronoun  Relative Clause

   Defining Relative Clause Non-defining Relative Clause  Relative
   Pronoun  clause    (Page 446)

Defining                                                                                              Non-defining

 

Function –Subject -Object of a verb -Possessive

Person who, that whom, that who(m), that whom…..to, to…..whom whose

Thing Which, that Which, that Which…to To……which That Of which

Person …..,who,…….. ….,whom,…… …..,whom,…… …..,whom..to,.. …,to whom..,… ….,whose..,….

Thing ……which…… …….,which….., ……which ..to.. ..,to which…… ….,of which….,

 

 

(Subject)

(person) who
The boy who obeys his parents is a good boy.

(who obeys his parents 11 parents เข้ามาจะไม่ทราบได้เลยว่าเด็กคนไหน หรือเด็กที่มี
who obeys his parents  defining relative clause)

which
The car which that is going past now belongs to me.

( which (that) is going past now defining relative clause)

Bangkok, which is the capital of Thailand, is 200 years old now.

Non-defining relative clause)

My friend’s uncle, who works at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has gone to the
United States of America.
clause
non-defining relative clause)
(Object of a Verb))

(person) whom that:- (Page 447)

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

 

 

The people whom you at part you met at the party are Muslims.
Clause “whom  you met at the party”
Clause defining relative clause)

Charles Dickens, whom I met in Italy, was a very famous writer.
(Charles Dickens clause clause non-defining relative clause)

(animal and thing) which , that
The composition which you wrote yesterday is very good.

(which you wrote yesterday  clause composition defining relative clause.

Thai silk, which she bought last week, is very beautiful.
Thai silk
clause non-defining relative clause)

White elephants, which Thai people present to the King, are rare.
White
non-defining relative clause)
Relative Pronoun Object Verb The teacher I love is ill today
( The teacher whom I love is ill today.

The pen you gave me yesterday is red.
The pen which you gave me yesterday is red. (Page 448)

 

I like the photo you took at Pattaya.

(I like the photo which you took at Pattaya.)
(Object of Preposition)
(Person)  who(m) an
Informal
(informal) whom
The man (who that)  the book was written by is now reading a newspaper in his office.

Formal : The man by The by whom the book was written is now reading a newspaper newspaper in his office

( by whom the book was written the book was written by defining relative clause)

The man is now reading a newspaper in his office
The book was written by the man.
Informal : Saithong. who(m) the teacher is tired of, is always absent from school.
Formal ; Saithong of whom the teacher is tired, is always absent from school.

clause
non-defining relative clause

(animal and thing)  which that
informal
Informal : The radio (which) 1 listen to is not dear.
Formal : The radio to which I listen is not dear

(The radio is not dear.)
(which) I  listen to  to which I listen
clause  defining relative clause
Informal : His dog. (which) she is afraid of, is very fierce.
Formal His dog, of which she is afraid, is very fierce. (Page 449)

 

Clause non-defining relative clause)

Informal :Ayuthaya, (which) we learnt about, was out to formal capital.
Formal    :Ayutthaya, about which we learnt, was our former capital

(non-defining relative clause
(Possessive)

(Person)
The man whose daughter I am going to marry a policeman

whose daughter am going to marry
defining relative clause)
Thongbai, whose father wanted him to be a soldier, tarns his living by singing

non-defining relative clause
This is Nick, whose wife teaches dancing.
(whose wife teaches dancing non-defining relative clause )

(animal and thing)

(1) of which
(2) with + adjective + noun :-

The book of which the cover is black and white is interesting.
The book with the black and white cover is interesting.

(defining relative clause    book)  (Page 450)

 

The dog of which its tail is long is barking
The dog with a long tail is barking.

(of which its tail a long tail is long   with a long tail       clause       defining relative clause)

My house, of which the roof is made of brick, is going to be sold.
My house with the roof made of brick is going to be sold.

non-defining relative clause)

This film, of which the producer is a man of sixty, is very amusing.

Ton of which . non-defining relative clause

( of which…………non-defining relative clause )

with+ adjective + noun

The girl with long hair is my younger sister.
The girl whose hair is long is my younger sister.)
The boy with blue eyes is an American boy
( The boy whose eyes are blue is an American boy.)

that Relative clause who which

Pronoun Relative Pronoun “that ”

แบบฝึกหัด
Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences.

1. The thief ……………. plundered the bank yesterday was arrested.

1. who
   b. whom
2. whose
   d. that2 The police questioned the man……………………………… car was stolen.
3. whom
   b. whose
4. which
   d. of which3. He gave a prize to the boy………… work was the best.
5. whose
6. which
   c. who
   d. whom4. I saw a lady……………………………… a blue dress.a. was wearing
   b. she was wearing
7. who was wearing
8. who wearing

 

5. The country from…………. he comes is the United States of America.
   a. where
6. that
   c. in which
   d. of which6. My house, the roof………………. is made of brick, is going to be sold.
7. which
   b. of which
   c. that
   d. to which
8. The person………. I borrowed this book has left here for France.
9. whom
10. who
    c. whose
    d. from whomJoin these pairs of sentences using a relative clause.
    8. I have a friend. He can speak two languages.
    9. The man has gone on holiday. Billy advised Beth too see him.
    10. The woman was married to an architect. She wrote that novel.
    11. The salesman has left his suitcase. He sold you T.V. set.
    12. The diamond ring is not genuine. Smith gave it to his wife.1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D
    8. I have a friend who can speak two languages.
    9. The man whom Billy advised Beth to see has gone on holiday
    10. The woman who wrote the novel was married to an architect.
    11. The salesman who sold you T.V. set has left his suitcase.
    12. The diamond ring (which) Smith gave it to his wife is not genuine. (Page 452)