Direct and Indirect Speech-English Grammar

page (316-344)

Direct and indirect speech

Chapter 15

Direct and Indirect speech

: Direct Speech                 Direct Speech

: Direct Speech              Direct Speech :-

Daeng said “It is my book ”

“It is my book”

: Indirect Speech

:Indirect Speech                        Indirect Speech :-

Daeng said that it was his book.

That it was his book                           Indirect Speech

 

Direct Speech

Direct Speech :-

 

• He said
• Comma colon(:) Semi- colon (;)
• (capital letter):- (316)

 

He said “ The first hero in thai history was king Ram Kam Haeng .”

 

• He said
• Comma he said
• He said said he             :-

“The first hero in Thai history   was King Ram Kam Haeng ,” he said

• ( he said )
• He said he said  Comma
• He said Full stop (.) :-

“The first hero in Thai history ,” he said , “was King Ram Kam Haeng .”

Direct Indirect Speech

: Direct Speech               Indirect Speech

: Direct Speech Indirect Speech

• ( Reporting Verb )
• ( Personal Pronoun )
• Tense
• ( Nearness to distance)

:  Direct   Indirect   ( 317)

• (Reporting verb )

 

Direct		Indirect
Say Said Say to + Said to +		Say that Said that Tell+            + That Told +          + That

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.2  ( Personal Pronoun ) :-

 

 

Direct		Indirect
I Me My Mine Myself We Us Our Ourselves You Yours Yourself(-ves)		He  she Him her His hers Himself herself They Them Their Theirs Themselves I Me My Mine Myself (ourselves)

(318)    3.3

Direct		Indirect
Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Simple Will Shall Can May Must		Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Pas Perfect Would Should Could Might Had to

4.4 (Nearness)     (Distance )

Direct		Indirect
Today, tonight Yesterday Last night Last week Last month Last year The day before yesterday The day after Tomorrow Next week(month) Next year Thus Now Ago Recently This, these Here Come		That day , that night That day before, The previous day The night before The week before The month before The year before Two days before Two days after In two days’ time The next day, The following day The week (month) after The year after So Then, at that time Before Shortly, before then That, those There Go

 

Present Simple   Past simple

Direct: He said , “I make this table here today .”

Indirect: He said that he made that table there that day.

 

Present Continuous   Past Continuous

Direct: Charoon said to me , “We are staying here now” .

Indirect: Charoon told me that they were staying there at that time

Present Perfect   Past Perfect

Direct: She said, “I have finished my work”

Indirect: She said that she had finished her work.

Past Simple   Past Perfect

Direct: He said to me, “I sent a letter to my sister yesterday”.

Indirect: He told me that he had sent a letter to his sister the previous day.

Will would

Direct: Sri said to me, “I will come here again next year.” (320)

Indirect: Sri told me that she Would go there again the year after.

Shall   Should

Direct: He said, “This man shall do this for me”

Indirect: He said that that man should do that for him .

Can   Could

Direct: He said, “I can go there alone .”

Indirect: He said that he could go there alone .

May   might

Direct: She said , “My husband may come today.”

Indirect: She said that her husband might go that day.

Must    Had to

Direct: He said to his friend, “I must finish my work.”

Indirect: He told his friend that he had to finish his homework.

Tense   Indirect Speech         Direct Speech

: Tense  Indirect Speech  Direct Speech  Tense (3.3)

: Tense  Direct Speech  Indirect Speech  Tense 3.3  Tense    Direct Speech  Tense  Indirect Speech  Tense :-  (321)

• Indirect Speech Tense  (general truth)  (habitual fact)

Direct: He said , “The earth moves round the sun.”

Indirect: He said that the earth moves round the sun.

Direct: He said to me, “To err is human.”

Indirect: He told me that to err is human.

Direct: My father said , “When the cat is away , the mice play.”.

Indirect: My father Said that when the cat is away, the mice play.

• Indirect Speech Tense  ( Action still going on )  (Action will happen soon)

Direct: He said, “I am the president of the English Club.”

Indirect: He said that he is the president of the English Club.

Direct: She said, “The prime minister Will be coming here in five minutes’ time. ”

Indirect: She said that the prime minister will be coming here in five minutes’ time.

Direct: He said , “The plane will be landing in ten minutes’ time .”

Indirect: He said that the plane will be landing in ten minutes’ time. (322)

• Indirect Speech Tense  ( Intro-ducing  Verb )  Present Simple, Present Perfect Future Simple Tense:-

 

Direct: He says, “I have been reading a book.”

Indirect:  He says that   he has been reading a book.

(  He says that he had been reading a book.)

Direct: She has said to me, “I am coming.”

Indirect: She has told me that she is going.

(She has told me that she was going.)

Direct:  He will say, “The boy is lazy.”

Indirect: He will say that the boy is lazy.

(   He will say that the boy was lazy.)

Direct:  Tom explains, “The exhibition finished yesterday.”

Indirect    : Tom explains that the exhibition finished the day before.

(Tom explains that the exhibition had finished the day before.)

Direct    : He will tell you, “The girl is dancing.”

Indirect  : He will tell you that the girl is dancing.

(He will tell you that the girl was dancing.)

 

• Indirect Speech Tense Tense

Direct: Chai said, “If I were you, I wouldn’t do it .”  (323)

Indirect:  Chai said that if he were I(me), he wouldn’t do it.

( : Chai said that if he had been I(me), he wouldn’t have done it.)

Direct     : He said, “If I were a bird, I would fly everywhere.”

Indirect   : He said that if he were a bird, he would fly everywhere.

(: He said that if he had been a bird, he would have flown everywhere.)

• Would , Should, might , ought to , had better, used to Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Direct: He said, “I shouldn’t smoke a cigarette.”

Indirect: He said that he shouldn’t smoke a cigarette.

Direct: Jim said, “We had better start our work today .”

Indirect: Jim said that they had better start their work that day.

Direct: Mother said, “ I used to be naughty when I was young .”

Indirect: Mother said that she used to be naughty when she was young.

Must    Indirect Speech

Must         Direct Speech  Indirect Speech  Must     Must :-

• Must Indirect Speech  Must :-

Direct: Jonh said to David, “  You  must stop your car at the red signal.”

Indirect: Jonh told David that he ( David) must stop his car at the red signal.

Direct: Amy said , “I must pass the final examination.”

Indirect: Amy said that she must pass the final examination. (324)

• Must must     had to      wasn’t to:-

Direct: Ladda said, “I   must be there at six.”

Indirect: Ladda said that she had to be there at six.

Direct: Chalerm said, “I Mustn’t do evil deeds.”

Indirect: Chamlerm said that he wasn’t to do evil deeds.

• Must Indirect Speech   must    would have to :-

Direct: Sombat said, “If the doctor doesn’t come, we must take care of him as well as we can do.”

Indirect: Sombat said that if the doctor didn’t come, they would have to take care of him as well as they could do.

: come      go                               (Action will happen soon ) (325)

 

Tense   Indirect Speech (  If-Clause in indirect Speech )

: Direct Speech   Indirect Speech  Tense

: ( Conditional  Sentence)  Direct Speech     Indirect Speech  Tense:-

• Direct Speech Tense  3  

Direct: He said, “If it rains, we will play cards instead.”

Indirect: He said that if it rained, they would play cards instead.

• Direct Speech Indirect Speech    Tense           Tense

Direct : She said, “If he come, I would be glad.”

Indirect: She said that if he came, she would be glad.

Direct: Porn said, “If you were here, you would be in comfort.”

Indirect: Porn said if I were you, I would be in comfort.

Direct: Jaruni Said , “If I were Nanthida, I would marry Sayan Sanya.”

Indirect: Jaruni said that if she were Nanthida , she would marry Sayan Sanya.

• Direct Speech Indirect Speech     Tense             Tense

Direct: He said, “If the headmaster had come, we would have been glad.”

Indirect: He said that if the headmaster had come, they would have been glad.

(326)

Direct : The doctor said, “If Dam hadn’t drunk poisonous water, he wouldn’t have died.”

Indirect: The doctor said that if Dam hadn’t drunk poisonous water, he wouldn’t have died.

Let’s   Indirect Speech

Direct Speech  Let’s      Indirect Speech        porpose, suggest, advise urge (said, say) Let’s them (Pattern):-

 

+ them + infinitive with “to”

 

Direct: Santi said, “Let’s go for a walk.”

Indirect: Santi urged them to go for a walk.

Direct: Jo said, “Let’s draw a picture of a hen .”

Indirect : jo propose them to draw a picture of a hen.

: Direct Speech  Indirect Speech  :-

1. “I do not see her these days.”

Daeng said yesterday that he did not see her these days.

(these    those)

2. “I want her to be here.”

Here              there

Dam said that he wanted her to be here.

Dam said that he wanted her to be there

3. “this is my shirt.”

Khao said that this was his shirt. (328)

 

Change these sentences into Indirect Speech.

 

1. He said to me, “I am sure Fred knows the answer.”
2. “I can’t see the blackboard”, Mary said
3. She said, “I’ll come with you as soon as I am ready.
4. He said to his friend, “I must finish my work.
5. She said to me, “The earth moves round the sun.
6. He said, “I am the president of the English club.
7. He says, “I have been reading a book for three hours.
8. Chit said to me, “If I were a bird, I would fly everywhere
9. Jim, said, “We had better start our work today
10. Amy said, “I must pass the final examination.

I1. Chalerm said, “I mustn’t do evil deeds.

12.”His father said, “If the doctor doesn’t come, we must take care of him as well as we can do.”

13. He said, “If it rains, we will play cards instead.”
14. Porn said, “If you were here, you would be in comfort”
15. Santi said, “Let’s play football in the evening.”

 

 

1. He told me that he was sure Fred knew the answer.
2. Mary said that she couldn’t see the blackboard
3. She said that she’d come with me as soon as she was ready
4. He told his friend that he had to finish his work
5. She told me that the earth moves round the sun
6. He said that he is the president of the English club.
7. He says that he has been reading a book for three hours.
8. Chit told me that if he were a bird, he would fly everywhere.
9. Jim said that they had better start their work that day
10. Amy said that she must pass the final examination.
11. Chalerm said that he wasn’t to do evil deeds. (329)

(commands)  (Requests) Indirect Speech

: Direct Speech  (Commands)   ( Requests)     Indirect Speech

: Direct Speech     Indirect Speech

1. ( Introducing Verb)
2. ….
3. Don’t Do not to

Direct: Daeng said to Ladda, “ Do this for me.”

Indirect: Daeng told Ladda to do that for him.

Direct: The doctor said to me, “Don’t smoke a cigarette.”

Indirect: The doctor advise  me not to smoke a cigarette.

Direct: “Do not move”, the policeman ordered.

Indirect: The policeman ordered me not to move .

(me       him, her, us, them , etc.) (329)

 

Indirect

(Introducing Verb Reporting Verb)   Indirect Command  (Direct) :-

command (commanded) =

order (ordered)               =

tell(told)                         =

warn, advice                  =

ask (asked)                    =

beg (begged)            =Would you please (mind) …?

 

Direct: The officer said to the soldiers, “March better.”

Indirect: The officer commanded the soldiers to march better.

(commanded said)

Direct: He said to me, “Play the piano, please”

Indirect: He asked me to play the piano. (please)

Direct: The teacher said, “Be quiet and listen to my words.

Indirect: The teacher ordered (urged) them to be quiet and listen to her words.

Direct: He said to my brother, “Don’t shut the door.”

Indirect: He told my brother not to shut the door. (330)

Direct : She said to her mistress, “Give me hundred baht.”

Indirect: She begged her mistress to give her hundred baht.

Direct : He said to me, “Do not drink much whisky.”

Indirect :He warned me not to drink much whisky.

Change these sentences from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

1. Mother said, “Don’t stay in bed for long.
2. Buddhism said. “Do good, not to do evil deeds.”
3. “Do not move anywhere ”, the policeman commanded.
4. He said to me,ive me some money.
5. The robber said, “Put your hands up .
6. Mother told me not to stay in bed for long.
7. Buddhism taught us to do good, not to do evil deeds.
8. The policeman commanded me not to move anywhere.
9. He asked me to give him some money.
10. The robber ordered him to put her hands up.

Direct Indirect Questions

:  Direct Speech    Indirect question?:

:Indirect Question? Indirect Question :-

Indirect Question แปลว่า “คำถามโดยอ้อมหรือคำถามถูกดัดแปล เช่น : ค่าถามจริง (Direct Question) : “Who is she ?”

(Indirect Question) : He asked me who she was. (331)

Indirect Question

2.

3. (who she was who was she)

Direct   Indirect Question

 

• (Introducing Verb) :-

say                                                    ask        inquire

said                                                    asked    inquired

said to +                                             asked +     inquired of +

• Direct Speech      Verb to do, Verb to have, Verb to be   will, shall, can, may, must, etc. 1 if nio whether     (Main Clause)  (Subordinate Clause)  Indirect Speech    Indirect Question  Verb to do   Verb to be, to have

(3)  Direct Speech   Question Word   What, Where, When, Why, Who, Which etc.  whether n (Question  .word )

(4) Tense

(5) Indirect Question

 

 

 

Verb to be :

 

Direct:  He said to me, “Are you leaving for London today?

Indirect: He asked me if I was leaving for London that day.  He inquired of me if I was leaving for London that day.

 

 Verb to have:

 

Direct:   He said to me, “Have you a friend in Paris ?

Indirect: He asked me whether I had a friend in Paris.  He inquired of me whether I had a friend in Paris or not. (or not   whether)

Verb to do

 

Direct: He said to us, “ Do  you speak English? (332)

Indirect: He ask us if we spoke English.

………….:

 

Direct: Bill said to me, “Will you study physics tomorrow?”

Indirect: Bill asked me if (whether) I should study physics the next day (or not).

Direct She said to him, “Can you spell “Australia”?”

Indirect: She asked him if he could spell “Australia”.

 

Top of FormBottom of Form

Question Word:

 

Direct: He said to me, “What are you doing now?”

Indirect: He asked me what I was doing at that time.

( : He asked me what was I doing at that time.)

Direct : I said to Johnson, “How long have you been here?”

Indirect: I asked Johnson how long he had been there.

Direct:  She said to me, “How old are you?”

Indirect: She asked me how old I was.

Direct: My uncle said to me, “Where did you live last year?”

Indirect: My uncle inquired of me where I had lived the year before.

Can you tell me                    where               he is? (333)

 

 

 

Can you tell     me                              where              is he?

Do you know                          why                             he has much money?

Do you know                          why                             has he much money?

I don’t remember                                 what               his name is?

I don’t remember                                 what                            is his name.

I don’t know                            where              he is working now.?

I don’t know                            where              is he working now.?

Did you see                                          where                         John went.?

Did you see                                         where              did John go?

 

Top of FormBottom of Form

Indirect Exclamations

;               Direct speech  (Exclamatory Sentence)

Indirect Speech   Indirect Exclamation           ?

:                    Indirect Speech           Indirect Exclamation          (Intro-ducing Verb)

 

Direct Somsak said, “Hurrah ! my friend has come.”

Indirect : Somsak exclaimed with delight that his friend had come.

Said, “Hurrah”!….. exclaimed with delight                     exclaimed with delight       Indirect Speech

(Introducing Verb)

 

exclaimed with delight

exclaimed with sorrow

exclaimed with sadness   (334)

exclaimed with surprise

cried out very angrily

confessed with regret

exclaimed with admiration

prayed

etc.

 

Direct: He said, “May God pardon this sinner.”

Indirect: He prayed that God might pardon that sinner.

Direct: He said, Alas! how foolish I have been!”

Indirect: He confessed with regret that he had been very foolish.

Direct: She said, “Wonderful! what success you have!”

Indirect: She exclaimed with admiration for my success.

Direct: He said, “Help me!”

Indirect: He called for help.

Direct:  He said, “Ah! Why did your brother die?”

Indirect: He exclaimed with surprise at my brother’s death.

Direct: Sak said, “Hello! where are you off to?”

Indirect Sak called out in surprise and asked where I was off to.

 

Change the following sentences into Direct Speech

1. Sak asked his friend, “Where will we stay tonight?”
2. I wondered, “Do all the people really believe such nonsense?” (335)
3. He said to me, “Are you leaving for London today?”
4. “Would you mind sitting on the other chair, please?” she said.
5. She said to me, “Have you some friends in New York?”
6. My mother said, “May God pardon this sinner.”
7. That old man said, “Alas! how foolish I have been!”
8. She said, “Help me!”

9.” what are you going to prepare for dinner?” he asked me.

10. The teacher said to me, “Don’t forget to read a book.”
11. He said, “Wonderful! what success you have!”
12. Thanin said, “Hello! where are you off to?”

 

1. Sak asked his friend where they would stay that night.
2. I wondered whether all the people really believed such nonsense.
3. He asked me if I was leaving for London that day.
4. She asked me whether I would mind sitting on the other chair.
5. She asked me if I had some friends in New York.
6. Mv mother prayed that God might pardon that sinner.
7. That old man confessed with regret that he had been very foolish.
8. She called for help.
9. He asked me what I was going to prepare for dinner.
10. The teacher warned me not to forget to read a book.
11. He exclaimed with admiration for my success.
12. Thanin called out in surprise and asked where I was off to.

 

 

Direct        Indirect ( Mixed Type)

: Direct Speech        Indirect Speech

Top of FormBottom of Form

:  Direct Speech                          Indirect  Speech ( Mixed Type)  :-

• Direct Speech        Indirect  Speech    and that              :- 

Direct   : Jack said to me, “My bicycle is broken . I can’t ride it.”

Indirect : Jack told me that his bicycle was broken and that he couldn’t ride it .

 

2.)  Direct Speech               and if ( Whether)             Indirect  Speech :-

Top of FormBottom of Form

Direct: My teacher said to me, “Why are you late? ” Did you miss the bus?”

Indirect: My teacher asked me why I was late and whether I had missed the bus.

3.) Direct Speech             Indirect Speech   and to + Indirect Speech

direct: He said to me, “Sit down. Wait in the waiting-room.

Indirect: He told me to sit down and to wait in the waiting room.

Direct: He said to the students, “Sit down. Listen to me.”

Indirect: He ordered the students to sit down and to listen to him.

 

Direct Speech

Direct Speech              Indirect Speech: –

.  Indirect    Speech and said that :-

Direct: He said to me, “When will you come? I shall be ready at any time.”

Indirect: He asked me when I should go and said that he would be ready at any time.

Direct Daeng said to me, “I shall be ready at any time. When will you go there?”

Indirect: Daeng told me that he would be ready at any time and asked when I should go there. (337)

. Indirect Speech   and asked: – 

 

Direct: Siri said to Anong, “Be quiet. Why are you so noisy?”

Indirect: Siri told Anong to be quiet and asked why she was so noisy.

 

. Indirect Speech  and  told +    + Infinitive      :-

 Direct:  I said to him, “I am very ill. Go away.”

Indirect: I said to him that.I was very ill and told him to go away.

Direct: He said to me, “I am very thirsty, Give me a glass of water.”

Indirect: He said to me that he was very thirsty and told me to give him a glass of water .

Direct: The head-master said to the school-keeper, ‘Why have you not cut the grass I have told you that it is long and untidy Get a knife and cut it short.”

. Indirect: The head-master asked the school-keeper why he had not cut the grass, he remarked that he had told him that it was long and untidy then he ordered him to get a knife, and to cut it short.

Direct Speech  Yes  No    (338)

: Direct  Speech  Yes  , No   Indirect  Speech

:Direct Speech  Yes  No      Indirect    Speech

(..)  Yes

• Said  to    told  + ….  + that    = Yes, + Present  Tense :-

 

Direct: He said to me, “Yes, I always do that job for her”

Indirect : He told me that he always did that job for her.

• Said to  promised…..that  = Yes, +  Future Tense :-

Direct : Jack said , “Yes , I shall write to you .”

Indirect: Jack promised that he would write to me .

( promise that     said that )

• Said refuse to  = No + …..:-

 

.Direct: Det said, “No, I shan’t go now.”

Indirect: Det refuse to go at once.

Direct: She said , “No, I shall not live here.”

Indirect: She refuse to live there.

 

Whether Indirect Question

 

if  whether  Indirect Question;

Anne asked me if I had seen the White House.

= Anne asked me whether I had seen the White House.

The teacher asked me if I had finished my exercises.

= The teacher asked me whether I had finished my exercises.

Whether                 Whether                  or  not :-

 

1. I don’t know whether I should go away or stay here (339)
2. She asked me whether I would rather study English or French .
3. I don’t know whether he comes or not .

Or not  :-

I am doubtful whether I can stay with him ( or not)

Ask him whether he can come alone ( or not).

: whether   if    

• ( Indirect Question )  whether :-

Whether this is true or not , I cannot say.

( : If he did it or not , I couldn’t believe.)

• If  whether    infinitive :-

My brother hasn’t decided whether to sail or fly to England.

I haven’t known whether to stay here or go away.

( : I haven’t known if to stay here or go away.)

 

Direct   Indirect

: Direct  Speech   Indirect Speech

:  Direct Speech  Indirect Speech  :-

• Said to  told +         + that  said  that  Direct = Yes, + Present Tense :-

Direct : John said, “ Do you always go there”

“Yes , I do, ” Amy replied .

Indirect: John asked Amy if she always went there, and she said that she did.

…………..and she accepted  that .

(= and she said that she always went there.)

• Direct Yes, +  Future Tense promised (that….) :-

 

 

 

Direct: Tom said, “Will you do that ?” “Yes, I will,” Tim replied.

Indirect: Tom  asked Tim if he would do that, and he promised.

=….and he said he would. .

(=……and he promised that he would)

• Direct   No   refused, denied :-

 

Direct : He said to her, “Will you come again next week ?”

“No,” she replied.

Indirect : He asked her if she would go agian the week after, but she said she wouldn’t ….but she refused

Direct: “Did anybody visit me during my absence ?” “No.”

Indirect : He asked her if anybody had visited him during his absence, but she denied .but she said that they hadn’t.

(denied )  (341)
Direct    Indirect              :-

• (Personal Pronoun)Top of Form

 

Direct : I said, “ I shall go there.”

Indirect: I said that I should go there.

(: I said that he would go there.)

Direct: He said, “ I shall be very happy to see her.”

Indirect: He said that he would be very happy to see her.

• (Anomalous Verb) present Tense  Past Tense :-

Direct : She said , “I might study a little longer.”

Indirect: She said that she might study a little longer.

Direct: He said, “ I could speak Chinese well”.

Indirect: He said that he could speak Chinese well.

• Indirect (omitted) that :-

 

 

Direct: Thong said, “I have seen the film .”

Indirect: Thong said he had seen the film.

(= Thong said that he had seen the film.)

 

• Direct Speech ( Introducing Verb)   Indirect Speech :-

 

Direct:   “Where does she work ?”

Indirect:  He asks me where she works.

= He asks where she works.

= He asked where she worked.

=He wanted to know where she worked.

=He wants to know where she works.

= He wonders where she works.

• Ask inquire ( enquire) inquire ( enquire) ask :-

 

1. “What time is it now?” he inquired.
2. “What time is it now?” he asked
3. He asked, “What time is it now ?”

 

• Direct Speech “Shall I  Shall we ? ” Shall I  ? Shall we?  Indirect :-

 

Direct: He said, “Where shall we be in 1995?”

Indirect: He wondered where they would be in 1995.

shall I   Shall we was to were to: –

 

Direct: Smith said, “Where shall I put it?” I

Indirect: Smith asked where he was to put it.

Direct: Sombat asked, “Shall we go tomorrow?”

Indirect:  Sombat asked if they were to go the next day. (343)

 

Change these sentences into Indirect Speech

 

 

1. Billy said, “My grandfather is very sick. He can’t stand up.”
2. My boss d to me, “Why are you so late? Did you miss the bus?”
3. She said to the children, “Go out. Wait there for me.”
4. Daeng said to Ladda, “Be quiet. Why are you so busy?”
5. He said, “I feel very ill. May I go home ? I can’t do any more work.”
6. John said, “Do you always get up early ?” “Yes, I do,” Amy replied.
7. “Come again when you have time,” said I to Smith.
8. She said, Will you come to tea next Friday?” “Yes, thank you,” replied Nipon.

 

1. Billy told me that his grandfather was very sick and that he couldn’t stand up.
2. My boss asked me why I was so late, if I had missed the bus.
3. She told the children to go out and to wait there for her.
4. Daneg told Ladda to be quiet and asked why she was so noisy.
5. He said that he felt very ill and asked if he might go home. He couldn’t do any more work.
6. John asked Amy if she always got up early, and she said that she did.
7. I told Smith to come again when he had time.
8. She asked Nipon if he would come to tea the following Friday, and he accepted. (344)