page(401-444)
These three structures are a common part of English, and are all composed of groups of words. Clauses, phrases and sentences are very similar, but they do have different roles. Learning the difference between them will help you make a lot more sense of English grammar, and will be very useful to improve your written English.
What is a phrase?
Words can be grouped together, but without a subject or a verb. This is called a phrase.
Because a phrase has neither subject nor verb, it can’t form a ‘predicate’. This is a structure that must contain a verb, and it tells you something about what the subject is doing.
Phrases can be very short – or quite long. Two examples of phrases are:
“After dinner”
“Waiting for the rain to stop”.
Phrases can’t be used alone, but you can use them as part of a sentence, where they are used as parts of speech.
What is a clause?
Clauses are groups of words that have both subjects and predicates. Unlike phrases, a clause can sometimes act as a sentence – this type of clause is called an independent clause. This isn’t always the case, and some clauses can’t be used on their own – these are called subordinate clauses, and need to be used with an independent clause to complete their meaning.
An example of a subordinate clause is “When the man broke into the house”
An example of an independent clause is “the dog barked at him”
While the independent clause could be used by itself as a complete sentence, the subordinate clause could not. For it to be correct, it would need to be paired with another clause: “When the man broke into the house, the dog barked at him.”
What is a sentence?
A complete sentence has a subject and predicate, and can often be composed of more than one clause. As long as it has a subject and a predicate, a group of words can form a sentence, no matter how short.
E.g. “You ate fish.”
More complex sentences can combine multiple clauses or phrases to add additional information about what is described. Clauses may be combined using conjunctions – such as “and”, “but” and “or”.
E.g. “He went out to dinner but didn’t enjoy the meal.”
This example is composed of two independent clauses, “he went out to dinner” and “he didn’t enjoy the meal”, combined with a conjunction- “but”.
Sentences, Clauses and Phrases
: Sentence
; Sentence
- (Subject)
2.(Predicate)
He worked.
My sister cleaned the table
She danced beautifully
His father has worked in America.
The bird flies in the sky.
Shoot
Go
Com on
Look out
- Simple Sentence
2.Compound sentence
- Complex sentence
- Compound-complex Sentence (401)
Simple Sentence
:Simple sentence
: Simple sentence ( Subject) (Verb) :-
My son does his exercises every day .
The little boy often buys some toys.
Having finished his dinner, he went to read in the sitting room.
Walking along the street, he saw a car accident.
Unfortunately, she found her house burned.
: –
Having finished his dinner, he went to read in the sitting-room. Verb noun Simple Sentence Simple Sentence Verb Finite Verb went Non-finite Verb having finished u Participle, to read Infinitive, sitting gerund Simple Sentence Simple Sentence
: – *1) (Declarative Sentence) :
I live in Chiangmai.
He will be back here in few minutes.
2) (Negative Sentence) :-
I do not (don’t) live in Bangkok.
He isn’t able to speak French fluently. ( 402)
3) (Interrogative Sentence)
Were you born in Bangkok?
Does he own this house?
4) (Imperative Sentence)
Please open the window.
Be quiet in the library.
Get out of here.
5) (Exclamatory Sentence)
There goes the bus !
What a terrible temper he has !
How cold it is
Compound Sentence
: Compound Sentence ? Compound sentence
: Compound Sentence Simple Sentence Co-ordinator
simple Sentence
He is poor. He is honest
Compound Sentence
He is poor but he is honest. (403)
Compound Sentence :
- (Punctuation)
- (Conjunctive Adverb)
- (Co-ordinate Conjunction)
Simple Sentence Compound Sentence :-
Semicolon(;)
Colon Dash(:)
Dash (-)
Comma(,)
Semi-colon (;) period (.) Semicolon: –
Daeng was sick ; He didn’t work yesterday.
Daeng was sick . he didn’t work yesterday.
Colon (: ) Dash (-) Colon Dash :-
Daeng was sick : he didn’t work yesterday .
Daeng was sick – the cat work yesterday.
= Daeng was sick ; he didn’t work yesterday,
= Daeng was sick. He didn’t work yesterday.
Comma (,) Comma :-
I tooked around here. Sombat was writing a letter, Wichit was reading, Nipon was dat exercise . (404)
- Conjunctive Adverb Sentence
Conjunctive Adverb Simple Sentence Compound Sentence :-
1)
however moreover
furthermore nevertheless
consequently accordingly
meanwhile therefore ดังนั้น
– John was sick ; however, he did go to school .
Amnat had a bad cold ; therefore, he didn’t work.
She was tired and thirsty ; moreover, she was cold.
I don’t know this man ; nevertheless, I don’t trust him.
My friend has stayed with me at home for a long time ; meanwhile, I take him to see Wat Po.
Semi-colon Comma
Transitional Word Adverb Conjunctive :-
otherwise thus
still Hence
yet
( Comma )
Do what you are told, otherwise you’ll be punished.
There is no rain in the country, hence the crops are likely to die.
David was sick , thus he went to see a doctor.
He worked very hard, still he didn’t complain.
Conjunctive Adverb (Co-ordinate conjunction):-
Do what you are told, or otherwise you’ll be punished.
(otherwise or)
David was sick , and thus he went to see a doctor.
(thus and)
III. Co-ordinate Conjunction
Co-ordinate Conjunctionก Simple Sentence Compound Sentence
- (Cumulative)
- (Disjunctive)
- (Adversative) but
- (illative)
1.1 and and (The cumulative and-type) Compound Sentence : –
and
and….too .
and… . also
as well as
and……. . as well
both….and .
not only……but also
Mary is tired and hungry.
Mary is tired and hungry too.
Mary is tired and hungry also. (406)
Mary is tired and also hungry.
Mary is tired as well as hungry.
Mary is tired and hungry as well, Mary is both tired and hungry.
Mary is not only tired but also hungry.
Conjunctive Adverb
Mary is tired and hungry: moreover, she is cold.
2.3 or
(The Disjunctive Or-type ) Compound Sentence
or
or else
either……or
neither…nor
He must go now, or he will miss the plane.
He must do this, or else he’ll be punished.
Either you or he has to do this.
Neither you nor your friends have to go to school on Sunday.
or-type Conjunctive Adverb otherwise :-
– Do so I told you ; otherwise you’ll be punished
(otherwise or-type Semi-Colon (;) ( 407)
3.3 but (The Adverb the type) a Compound Sentence.
but
while
whereas
yet
still
: Sombat didn’t work hard, but he passed his examination.
She is very beautiful, while all her sisters are ugly .
Wise men lie truth, whereas fools shun it,
Robert worked well, yet he failed.
The pain was bond, he did not complain. But-type Conjunctive Adverb :-
However=
The sun is shining however, I’m sure it’il rain.
nevertheless =
There was no news; nevertheless, she went on hoping .
on the other hand=,This shirt is cheap ;on the other hand , quality a poor.
for all that =
Sak says he’s right ; for all that, I’m sure he’s worng.
4.4 so so (The Illative So-type) :-
So
For
Therefore
Consequently
Accordingly
So : It’s time to go , so let’s start our journey.
For: I went in, for the door was open.
Therefore: He was found guilty ; therefore, he was imprisoned
Consequently: Chat was sick ; consequently, he didn’t go to school.
According : Jonh won the lotter ; accordingly, he bought a new bicycle.
( therefore, consequently, accordingly )
Complex Sentence
: Complex Sentence
: Complex Sentence Mian Clause Principle Clause Subordinate Clause Main Clause (Principle Clause) Subordinate Clause ) :-
This is the house that Jack bought last year.
This is the house main Clause that Jack bought last year Subordinate Clause ( Simple Sentence) Complex Sentence (409)
Complex Sentence main Clause Subordinate :
1) ( Subordinate Conjunction)
If as if since because that
Whether lest as before after
White till until though although
Unless so that than provided in order that
Provided that notwithstanding that etc.:-
He is unhappy because he is very poor.
She said that she would come back soon.
Danai works as if he were a machine.
Wait here until I come back.
(Complex Sentence )
2) (Relative Pronoun)
who whom whose which that as but what of which where
He is the first man who has won this kind of prize.
She made the same mistakes as her sister did.
The man who came here this morning is my uncle.
There was no one but admired him.
The tree of which the leaves are yellow is dying.
(Complex Sentence who, but, of which )
3) (Relative Adverb) :-
When whenever where why wherever how (Page 410)
: I don’t know when she arrives here.
He will go wherever she live
He will go wherever she lives.
Do you know she did it?
I don’t understand why you have done that.
(Complex Sentence when, wherever, how why )
Compound Complex Sentence
: Compound Complex Sentence
: Compound Complex Sentence Compound Complex Sentence (Mixed Sentence): –
I saw no one in the house which you had told me about , so I didn’t go in.
(I saw no one in the house which you had told me about so I didn’t go in which you had hold me about Compound Complex Sentence)
I couldn’t remember what his name is , but I will ask him.
Say which of the following sentences is Simple, Compound, Complex or Compound
Complex.
1. Small things become strong by being united among themselves.
2 Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.
3. The man who came here this morning is my uncle.
4. Please tell me which book you want in this shop
5. He lost the radio which he borrowed from me, so he couldn’t face with me again.
6. Not only I but all other men declare this to be true
7 The sun rising, we continued our journey.
8. The men arrived at the camp at sunset, exhausted and depressed. (Page 411)
9 Having finished their work, they all went back home by bus
10. I don’t know anyone in this office, so I can’t go in.
- seeing the enemies, he told his men to lie down and be ready to fight.
12. You must give up drinking, or else I will help you no more.1. Simple - Compound
- Complex
4. Complex - Compound Complex
- Compound
7. Simple - Compound
- Simple
10. Compound
11. Compound
12. CompoundClause
Clause? Clause Sentence Clause iClause clause ” Clause Sentence
SentenceClause
Sentence
This is the boy
Who is industrious ?
( Sentence)
Clause
This is the boy who is industrious.(Sentence Clause This is the boy เป็น Main
Clause Principal Clause who is industrious Subordinate ClauseClause
Clause
1, Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause
3. Adverb Clause1.1 Noun Clause
Clause Noun Clause (Page 412)
1) Noun Clause that
2) noun Clause where, which, where, when, why, who, whose, whom Noun Clause
I don’t know how he did it
What you want is in the bag.
Who she is is still a question.
He said that he knew you.
Noun Clause )
(Function) Noun Clause
Noun Clause
(Subject)
What she is doing seems very difficult.
(What she is doing seems)
Where he lives is not known.
(Where he lives is not known)
2) (Object)
I want to know where she lives.
(Where she lives incision know)
He promised that he would pay back the debt.
(that he would pay back the debt promised)
3) (Object) (Preposition)
Wanna laughed at what you said. (Page 413)
(What you said runs at)
She is waiting for what she wants.
(What she wants for)
4) (Complement)
This is what you want.
(What you want a loan is
It seems that it is impossible.
(that it is impossible nseems)
He has become what we expected.
(What we expected become)
5) (Appositive)
His belief that coffee will keep him alert is incorrect
(that coffee will keep him alert)
The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.
(that he intended to come news)
a that (omission of that) Noun Clause
Noun Clause that that
(Informal) (Spoken Language) that
He says coffee grows in Brazil.
(He says that coffee grows in Brazil.)
I know he’ll return soon.
1 know that he’ll return soon.)
Noun Clause that (Page 414)
1).that-clause that
That coffee grows in Brazil
That she had decided to be engaged frightened me very much
2).that-clause appositive) that
The news that he was murderer is not true.
His belief that the earth moves around the sun is correct.
3).that-clause It is ( It was) that
It is true that the earth moves around the sun.
It is impossible that he has done this by himself.
2.2 Adjective Clause Adjective
Adjective Clause
Adjective
Adjective Clause (Relative Words)
1. Relative Pronoun
who, whom, whose, which of which, that, as, but
2. Relative Adverb
when, why, where
– Antecedent
Adjective Clause Antecedent Antecedent
Antecedent Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause Antecedent (Page 415)
The man who came here this morning is my uncle.
(Who came here this morning Adjective Clause man au Antecedent Adjective Clause)
This is the house where I live.
(Where I live u Adjective Clause Tune house Antecedent Adjective Clause
The man whose son died Last year won the first prize in the lottery.
(Whose son died last year in Adjective Clause Tuan man Antecedent)
The boy whom you saw at the theatre is my brother.
(Whom you saw at the theatre Adjective Clause boy au Antecedent)
I have lost the book which you lent me.
Sunday is the day when I have no work to do.
The reason why she wept is well-known.
of which Adjective Clause
of which
(Animals and things)
The tree of which the leaves are yellow is dying
The tree the leaves of which are yellow is dying
The table of which the leg is broken is mine.
The table the leg of which is broken is mine.
(Person) Adjective Clause Whose
The woman whose house was burnt by the fire is very poor. (page 416)
that Adjective Clause
“that” Relative Pronoun Adjective Clause
Antecedent
(Superlative Degree)
he is the most patient man that I have ever seen.
that Adjective Clause man Antecedent
the most patient.
She is the best student that I have ever seen.
2) (Ordinal Number)
China is the first country that I am going to visit.
Adjective Clause Antecedent
Mr.Brown is the second man that we have to go to see.
She is the third wife that he married to
3) (Quantitative Adjective)
“Money only thing that she needs.
that Adjective Clause thing only
I have few books that I can share her.
He has many plans that he offers to us.
They are all merchandises that we export. (Page 417)
4). That (compound pronoun)
Someone anyone everyone no one
Somebody anybody everybody nobody
Something anything everything nothing
Somewhere anywhere everything nowhere
There is nothing that I can do for you.
is there anything that can be used to open this can ?
There is everything that we want. etc.
Adjective Clause a
Relative Pronoun Adjective Clause as the same such (the same such as relative )
She does it the same way as I do.
He has the same trouble as I have.
She has such a trouble as you have.
I want such a house as he built in Bangkok.
Such……as (preposition)
Today he wants to buy several things such as sugar, meat and flour.
but Adjective Clause
but Relative Pronoun Adjective Clause
(=which………..not who………..not)
There are some pupils but wish to continue in university T
here is no man here but wish to be a good person of the nation. (Page 418)
Out Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronoun Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause Relative Pronoun
The man who came here yesterday is my uncle.
(Who Relative Pronoun Adjective Clause)
Adjective Clause Relative Pronoun
Adjective Clause
1. (Spoken) (informal)
2. Relative object
The pen I want is on the table.
(The pen that I want is on the table. )
(a that object want)
The man you spoke to is our manager
(The man whom you spoke to is our manager.)
( who object
Mr. William is the tallest man I know
( Mr. William is the tallest man that I know.)
(or that 11iwneuna object know)
1. Relative Pronoun
Relative Pro Subject 1utl2:Tonwosiuma
2. in Relative Pronoun Comma u:
She is the woman worked here yesterday
She is the woman who worked here yesterday
who Adjective Clause
My friend, you met in Paris, is now back in Thailand.
: My friend, whom you met in Paris, is now back in Thailand.
( whom l whom comma) (Page 419)
Preposition Adjective
Preposition Adjective Clause (Spoken) (Formal) : –
Informal : The bicycle which you are looking for has been stolen.
Formal : The bicycle for which you are looking has been stolen.
Informal The man whom I borrowed a book from has left here.
Formal : The man from whom I borrowed a book has left here.
Adjective Clause Relative Antecedent
Relative Adjective clause Antecedent ( Adjective Clause) :
This is the house that Jack built.
(antecedent that house)
Rome, which is in Italy, is well-known.
(antecedent which Rome)
I have a brother who is an artist.
(antecedent who brother)
Relative (that, which, who, etc.) antecedent Relative antecedent antecedent Relative:
What, Whatever, Whichever, Whoever :-
He doesn’t understand what I said.
(what antecedent) Give this money to whoever is poor.
(whoever antecedent)
She may take whichever she likes.
( whichever antecedent)
You may eat whatever you need . (420)
3.3 Adverb Clause Adverb Clause
I will go where you go.
( where you, there you go Adverb Clause go (place)
He cannot work because he is ill.
because he is ill Adverb Clause work (reason) cannot work
The weather was so hot that he couldn’t work.
( so…that he couldn’t work Adverb Clause hot ( Result) hot )
You ought to say as I do.
( as I do Adverb Clause say (manner) say)
Adverb Clause: –
1 Adverb Clause of Manner
- Adverb Clause of Place
- Adverb Clause of Time
- Adverb Clause of Reason
- Adverb Clause of Result
- Adverb Clause of Purpose
- Adverb Clause of Concession
- Adverb Clause of Comparison
- Adverb Clause of Reservation)
- Adverb Clause of Condition
Adverb Clause :
1) Adverb Clause of Manner Clause Adverb (421)
Adverb Clause of Manner Subordinate Con-junction :-
as
as if
as though
He works as a machine does.
(as a machine does Adverb Clause of Manner Adverb work).
He treats me as if I were his slave.
(as if I were his slave Adverb Clause treats?
He acted as though he had been a doctor.
(as though he had been a doctor Adverb Clause acted )
2) Adverb Clause of Place Clause Adverb Clause Relative Adverb : –
where
wherever
as far as .
as near as
He wants to die where he was born.
(where he was born เป็น Adverb Clause die )
I will go wherever she goes.
(wherever she goes Adverb Clause )
The young boy ran as far as he could.
(as far as he could Adverb Clause ) (422)
Billy drove his car as near the cliff as he could .
(As near…………..as he could Adverb Clause drove )
3) Adverb Clause of Time Clause Adverb Clause of Time Subordinate Conjunction : –
when as
while since
before till
after unti
whenever as soon as
as long as So long as
all the time (that) by the time (that)
: When he saw us, he ran away.
(When he saw us Adverb Clause )
I knew him well while I was in London.
(while I was in London Adverb Clause knew )
The thief was caught as he was getting off a taxi.
(as he was getting off a taxi Adverb Clause caught )
Adverb Clause :
I have been here since the sun rose.
She will live here till until the last day comes.
We talk of old times whenever we meet. (423)
He had died before the doctor arrived.
I was born after the Second World War had ended. .
As soon as the bell rings, the boys will go home
I didn’t see you as long as I was in Bangkok.
So long as he is alive, no one can harm him.
I was unhappy all the time (that) I lived with her.
He will be watering in the garden by the time (that) I reach at his home. ถึ
4) Adverb Clause of Reason ( (cause)) Clause Clause of Reason
Subordinate Conjunction : –
because
as
since
now that
seeing that
whereas
inasmuch as
due to the fact that
owing to the fact that
in view of the fact that
because of the fact that
on account of the fact that
because :
He is unhappy because he is poor. (because he is poor Adverb Clause (unhappy)
He has decide to come because he loves music .
(because he loves music Adverb Clause come )
As:
I could not come as it rained hard yesterday.
(as it rained hard yesterday Adverb Clause come)
As he was a fool, he refused to listen to me.
(as he was a fool Adverb Clause refused to listen as as comma
since :
Since you have worked very hard, you will certainly succeed.
(Since you have worked very hard เป็น Adverb Clause succeed )
I haven’t seen him since he was only at home.
(since he was only at home Adverb Clause haven’t seen)
now that
Seeing that
Now that
he was ill, he couldn’t come to work.
Seeing that
(now that seeing that) he was ill Adverb Clause couldn’t come to work )
Whereas :
Whereas he disobeyed the law, he was punished. (425)
(Whereas he disobeyed the law Adverb Clause punished)
inasmuch as:
Inasmuch as he did not finish working, he was not paid money.
(Inasmuch as he did not finish working Adverb Clause did (not finish )
due to the fact that :
was punished due to the fact that he disobeyed the law.
(due to the fact that he disobeyed Adverb Clause punished )
Adverb Clause
He failed owning to the fact that he was sick.
I agreed in view of the fact that your plan is good.
She failed because of the fact that she was sick.
On account of the fact that the country was at war, all the young men were drafted
5) Adverb Clause of Result clause Adverb Clause of Result Subordinate Conjunction :
so that
so+ Adj. + that
so + Adv. that
such + adj. + noun + that.
So+ adj. + a noun + that
such + a + adj. + noun that that.. ……….
:
He won the government lottery yesterday, so that he can now buy a motor-cycle. แมว (so that he can now buy a motor-cycle Adverb Clause Clause )
She is so weak that she can’t work hard.
(so.. that she can’t work hard Adverb Clause weak ) (426)
On Uma sang so beautifully that everyone applauded her sound .
(S0….that everyone applauded her sound Adverb Clause)
Adverb Clause of Result
It is so hard a job that I can’t bear doing it.
Anne has such pretty hair that we enjoy looking at it.
They are such good servants that we let them go home every year.
It is such a hot day that I can’t go on working
She is a good lady that I beg to get married.
6) Adverb Clause of Purpose ( Clause Adverb Adverb Clause of Purpose 9uu Subordinate Conjunction :-
so that
that
in order that
for the purpose that
in case (that)
for fear that
: – We eat that we may live.)
(that we may live Adverb Clause eat )
I study hard so that I may pass my examination. .
So that I may pass my examination Adverb clause hard ) (427)
She comes so she sees her mother.
(so she sees her mother Adverb Clause comes)
Some people live in order that they may eat.
(in order that they may eat Adverb Clause live )
He took medicine for the purpose that he might recover.
(for the purpose that he might recover Adverb Clause took took)
I’m telling you this lest you should make a mistake.
(lest you should make a mistake Adverb Clause telling )
I helped him for fear that he failed in the exam.
(for fear that he failed in the exam Adverb Clause helped)
Don’t let him go too near the bank of the river in case he falls in.
(in case he falls in Adverb Clause go) *
- that, so that in order that may, might lest should เสมอ
- lest มี so that…………..not (428)
7) Adverb Clause of Concession Clause (Concession ) Adverb clause Subordinate Conjunction :-
though
although
even though
even if
however Adverb Adjective
admitting that
notwithstanding that
in spite of the fact that
despite the fact that
notwithstanding the fact that
.Adverb หรือ Adjective) + as
though comma:
He is honest, though he is poor.
(though he is poor Adverb Clause honest
)
although :
Although he is stupid, he does his work well
(Although he is stupid Adverb Clause does
even though even if : –
I will get there, even though I have to walk all day.
I will get there, even if I have to walk all day.
(even though…… even if….. Adverb Clause will get there)
& Adverb (หรือ Adjective) + as
Much as I admire him, I dislike him doing that thing.
(=Although I admire him, I dislike him doing that thing.) (429)
(Much as I admire him Adverb Clause dislike )
Rich as he is, he is never happy.
(Rich as he is Adverb Clause is never happy )
however +Adverb
however +Adjective
However hard he tries, he never seems to succeed
(However hard he tries Adverb Clause never seems to succeed)
However difficult the problem is, she won’t give up.
(Adverb Clause)
admitting that he was poor , he decide not to cancel the wedding
(Admitting that……… Adverb Clause)
Adverb Clause:
He went on working notwithstanding that the sun was going to set.
She is going there in spite of the fact that I told her it was very dangerous.
Prem still becomes the Prime Minister despite the fact that he is not expert at economics.
He could pass his examination notwithstanding the fact that he didn’t study hard.
Adverb Clause of Concession:- (430)
whenever
whatever
wherever
พheather. . 0r not:
Whenever he arrives, he will be punished
Whatever you may say, I still think I did the right thing.
Wherever you put it, I could find it easily.
: why whyever no matter why:-:
No matter why he did that thing, he must be punished.
whatever Adjective :-
Whatever games he plays, he can’t do them well.
Whatever kind of books Samran wrote, everybody wants to read it.
Whether….or not
whether Adverb Clause of Concession
or not :-
Whether he likes it or not, he must take it.
Whether you are industrious or not, you must do it.
8) Adverb Clause of Comparison
clause Adverb Clause
Subordinate Conjunction: –
as + Adj. + as
as Adv. + as
not so + Adj. ( Adv.) + as
such + + as
he is as clever as you are. (431)
(as as you are Adverb Clause clever)
John ran as fast as Billy did.
(as….as Billy did Adverb Clause)
He is not so tall as I am.
(not so…. . as I am Adverb Clause)
He didn’t write so fast as I did.
(so.. as I did Adverb Clause)
He is cleverer than I am.
(I am Adverb Clause)
He loves her more than I do.
(than I do Adverb Clause)
You worked harder than I did.
(than I did Adverb Clause)
Such a +as
Such + +as:
I have no such a pen as you have.
(such…as you have Adverb Clause)
This is not such an easy work as you think.
(such…as you think u Adverb Clause)
There are not such things as you need.
The Clause, the + +Clause. :- (432)
The more you learn, the more you get knowledge.
The sooner you finish your work, the sooner you will go home.
The sooner, the better.
The more, the merrier.
9) Adverb Clause of Reservation () “: clause Subordinate Conjunction :-
except that,
except for the fact that
: – He knew nothing about what he did in Paris except that he was to go there.
(except hat he was to go there Adverb Clause)
She is a very good girl except that she rarely talks.
( except that she rarely talks เป็น Adverb Clause)
That was a very good concert, except for the fact that the singing was very bad.
(except for the fact that the singing was very bad Adverb Clause )
10) Adverb Clause of Condition (or supposition)
Clause Adverb :
If
If only
Unless
Supposing(that)
Providing ( that)
Provided (that) (433)
on condition (that) (providing)
in the event (that)
in case (that)
as long as
on the understanding that –
but that (if…not)
I would come with you if I were not so busy.
(if I were not so busy Adverb Clause would come )
If only he hadn’t gone to work there, he wouldn’t have been killed
(If only he hadn’t gone to work there Adverb Clause killed)
We won’t have the picnic unless the weather is good.
(Unless the weather is good Adverb Clause won’t have)
Adverb Clause
Supposing (that) it rains, what shall we do?
Provided (that) I am free, I shall come.
You may take this book from the library on condition that you return it next week .
Don’t let anybody do for him in the event that he fails to come.
In case I forget ,please remind me about that.
You may borrow my bicycle as long as you keep it clean.
I shall be so happy on the understanding that you all become friends.
would come with me but that he is so busy. (434)
But that it hat Tense Tense chapter17
She would have fallen but that I caught her hand.
(=She would have fallen but that I had caught her hand.)
. Say which of the following sentences is Noun Clause, Adjective Clause or Adverb Clause
- I have given him what he needs.
2 We heard that she had committed suicide.
- This is the same story that I heard a few days ago.
4 He was born after the Second World War had ended.
5 As soon as the clock strikes three, I shall leave the office.
- We found the tiger lying dead in the very place where it had been shot
.7. He is an excellent teacher except that he speaks too fast.
8.It was very unfortunate that you were taken ill
- I have no money that I can lend you.
- My grandmother had died before the doctor arrived.
pick out every Adverb Clause in the following sentences, and say to which kind it belongs.
- I agree to this provided you sign your name.
12 John has been living in Thailand since he was ten years old.
- He treated her as if she were his slave.
- He wants to die where he was born
- I knew him well while I was in America.
- We couldn’t come as it rained hard yesterday.
- As he was a fool, he refused to listen to me.
- Siri was punished due to the fact that he disobeyed the law.
- He took medicine for the purpose that he might recover.
- I will get there, even if I have to walk all day.
1 what he needs noun clause object given
- that she had committed suicide noun clause heard
- that I heard a few days ago adjective clause story
4 after the Second World War had ended u adverb clause born
5.as soon as the clock strikes three adverb clause leave
- where it had been shot adjective clause place (Page 435)
- except that he speaks too fast noun clause except
- that you were taken ill noun clause Complement u04 unfortunate
- that I can lend adjective clause money
- before the doctor arrived adverb clause died
- provided you sign you name adverb clause
- since he was ten years old adverb clause
- as if she were his slave adverb clause
- where he was born adverb clause
- while I was in America adverb clause
- as it rained hard yesterday adverb clause
- as he was a fool adverb clause
- due to the fact that he disobeyed the law adverb clause
- for the purpose that he might recover adverb clause
- even if I have to walk all day adverb clause 1
Phrases
Phrase?
Phrase
- Noun Phrase Phrase
- Adjective Phrase phrase
- Adverb Phrase phrase
- Absolute Phrase phrase
- Prepositional Phrase phrase preposition
- Participial Phrase phrase participle
- Gerundial Phrase phrase gerund
- Infinitive Phrase phrase infinitive
- Absolute Phrase phrase
Phrase Prepositional Phrase Verb phrase
participle, gerund infinitive (Page 436)
Prepositional Phrase
phrase
because of
for fear of
by means of
account of
for the sake of
for want of
on (in) behalf of
by dint of
in accordance with
according to
in contrast to
owing to
in spite of
instead of
in the face of
in the event of
in case of
on consequence of
Soonthorn was absent from school because of his illness.
* (because of his illness Adverb absent)
They could not go anywhere because of the rain
– because of the rain could not go)
In spite of being late, he went to class.
(in spite of being late Adverb went)
comma
comma
They remained in their tents in consequence of the bad weather.
(In consequence of the bad weather, they remained in their tents )
- Participial Phrase ( participle)
Phrase Participle
- Present Participial Phrase phrase
The gentleman crossing the street is an old friend of my father’s
crossing the street participle gentleman)
Bill and Mary, hoping to pass this course, are working very hard. (Page 437)
Hoping to pass this course. Bill and Mary are working very hard.
(hoping to us this course participle Bill Mary)
In the former time all passengers going to Udorn had to change trains at Korat
(going to Udorn Participle passengers)
- Past Participial Phrase phrase
Anyone bitten by a mad dog should see a doctor at once
(bitten by a mad dog participle anyone)
The jewelry stolen from our neighbor’s house was found by the police
(stolen from our neighbor’s house participle jewelry)
President Reagan, supported by the people, made sure that he won the election
Supported by the people, President Reagan made sure that he won the election
participle (comma)
(Non-defining Relative Clause)
(Supported by the people participle Reagan)
- Perfect Participial Phrase phrase having + verb
Anyone having talked with him will be convinced of his innocence.
(having talked with him participle )
Mr.Johnson, having been wounded in the Vietnam War, died a year later.
(Passive Participle)
(having been wounded in the Vietnam War participle)
Many tourists having stayed in Thailand like the hospitalities of Thais
(having stayed in Thailand participle tourists) (Page 438)
- Gerundial Phrase (ing)
gerund
phrase gerund (ing)
- gerund gerund
i enjoy playing the piano.
We love watching the football match.
.(playing watching. gerund gerund)
2) gerund (+ gerund)
I hear her singing an India song.
I saw him drawing a picture of a hen.
(her singing. him drawing……. gerund)
3) gerund (possessive + gerund)
She enjoys my playing the piano.
I like your speaking English.
(my playing. . your speaking………. gerund)
4) gerund (+ gerund)
She fainted on hearing the news.
He is used to eating rice and curry.
(on hearing……… to eating…….. gerund)
Gerundial Phrase
Gerundial Phrase
Gerundial Phrase
1) Subject
Her cleaning the wall every day is not necessary. (Page 439)
Swimming every day is a good exercise
(her cleaning the wall every day 1: swimming every day gerundial phrase
2) Object of Verb
My father appreciated my speaking English.
(my speaking English gerundial phrase)
He likes walking in the morning every day.
(walking in. gerundial phrase likes)
3) Object of Preposition
She is interested in dancing every night.
(dancing every night gerundial phrase)
I was accused of stealing her diamond last night.
(steading her diamond.. phrase of)
4) Complement
What she wants is living with her husband in a foreign country.
What my father insists on is my going to school every day.
(living with.. my going to… gerundial phrase (Complement) is
5) Appositive My father wants to get one thing.my going to school every day.
(my going to school every day gerundial phrase thing )
- Infinitive Phrase (to )
phrase Infinitive (Page 440)
Simple
|
Continuous
|
Passive
|
|
General Form
Perfect Form
|
to speak
to have spoken |
to be speaking
to have been speaking
|
to be spoken
to have been spoken
|
Infinitive Phrase
: Infinitive Phrase
: Infinitive Phrase
1) (Subject)
To cook breakfast every day is necessary.
(to cook breakfast….in Infinitive is)
2) (Object)
My shirt needs to be washed every day.
(to be washed……. infinitive needs)
3) (Complement)
Her job is to go shopping every morning.
(to go shopping……. infinitive is)
4) (Appositive)
There is one thing to cook breakfast every day.
(to cook.. . infinitive thing)
5) (Adjective)
Is there anything to do before sunset ?
(to do before sunset tuna infinitive anything)
i have no money to give you now.
(to give you now infinitive money) (Page 441)
(Adverbial Function)
Adjective Adverb
I am very glad to have him back here in time.
(to have him back here in time infinitive glad)
They walk quickly to catch the 10:00 train.
(to catch the 10:00 train infinitive quickly)
comma
infinitive phrase
To speak English fluently, you must practice it orally every day
(to speak English fluently infinitive )
To do this properly, you must follow my direction carefully
(ta do this properly infinitive)
5 Absolute Phrase
phrase (Finite Verb)
- Absolute Phrase ing
The train being late, they had to stay overnight at the station.
The pagoda ruined, the Department of Fine Arts had to repair it.
(the train being late, the pagoda ruined Adverb repair)
2) Absolute Phrase having + having been +
The sun having set, they didn’t go back home.
The house having been burnt, we had to live under the tree
(the sun having set the house having been burnt Absolute Phrase Adverb live)
(Page 442)
Absolute Phrase COMMA
3) Absolute phrase
I stared at the stranger, my bare hands on the table.
(my bare hands were on the table.)
The old mining town was utterly deserted, its streets gray and dead.
(its streets were gray and dead.)
(My bare hands on the table its streets gray and dead
Adverb stared at deserted)
Combine each pair of the following simple sentences into One Simple Sentence
by using the prepositional phrase in parentheses. Make any necessary change.
Example : He was ill. He was absent from school. (owing to)
= He was absent from school owing to his illness
(or Owing to his illness, he was absent from school.)
1.It rained. They could not go any farther. (because of)
- The weather was bad. They remained in their tents. (because of)
- He saved money. He did it for his family. (for the sake of
- The crops died. The crops wanted rain. (for want of)
- He took an umbrella. He was afraid of being caught in the rain. (for fear of)
- I gave him advice. He started drinking again. (in spite of)
- She spoke seriously, She did it for the foreign students. (on behalf of)
Underline the phrase and say what kind it is.
- I like the house with large rooms.
- Mr.Steven, hoping to meet his father here, is coming.
- The pupil punished by his teacher every day is very lazy.
- His friend having been shot last night is now dead.
- We saw him sleeping under the tree yesterday.
- That lady is interested in dancing every night.
- Her job is to go shopping every morning.
- The house having been burnt, they had to live under the tree. (Page 443)
- They could not go any farther because of rain.
- Because of the bad weather, they remained in their tents.
(They remained in their tents because of the bad weather.)
- He saved money for the sake of his family.
- The crops died for want of rain.
- He took an umbrella for fear of being caught in the rain.
- In spite of my advice, he started drinking again.
- On behalf of the foreign student, she spoke seriously.
- with large rooms prepositional phrase
- hoping to meet his father present participial phrase
- punished by his teacher every day u past participial phrase
- having been shot last night perfect participial phrase
- him sleeping under the tree yesterday gerundial phrase
- dancing every night gerundial phrase
- to go shopping every morning infinitive phrase
- the house having been burnt absolute phrase (Page 444)