page(467-489)
Word Endings
You can also make new words from the words you already know by using different endings. For example, “The person who employs me has a fast car”. You can make this sentence simpler, by replacing “the person who employs me” with “my employer”. This gives you “My employer has a fast car.”
In English you can make nouns from verbs (to employ gives employer and employee). You can also make verbs from nouns or adjectives: government gives to govern, modern gives to modernize and so on. Learning what endings you can put on words means you can expand your vocabulary and say what you mean more easily.
Chapter 23
Word Building
Word Building (base)
1. “Prefix”
- “Suffix”
Prefix Suffix “Prefix” happy
happy
happily
happiness
unhappy
unhappily
-ly, ness suffix
-un Prefix
Prefix
Prefix
polite
impolite
en, em
” Prefix
1) un, dis, in, im, non etc.
2) en-, em-
3) co-, re-, super-, etc.
1.1 Prefix
(negative prefix)
un-, dis-, in- (im-, il-, ir-)
non, mis-, (Page 567)
-un (Adjective)
clean unclean
lucky unlucky
safe unsafe
unwise wise
kind unkind
dis- (Verb) (noun)
like (v) dislike
agree (v.) disagree
appear (v.) disappear
please (v.) displease
believe (V) disbelieve
comfort (n.) discomfort
belie! (n.) disbelief
advantage (n.) disadvantage
honest (adj.) dishonest
similar (adj.) dissimilar
courteous (adj.) discourteous
in-, (im, –il-, ir)
. m- b m p:
possible impossible
mortal immortal
proper improper
– il- : –
literate illiterate
legal illegal
legible illegible (Page 468)
. ir r :
regular irregular
rational irrational
responsible irresponsible
. in-
definite . indefinite
visible invisible
Complete incomplete
operative inoperative
non- (Technical word)
finite nonfinite
stop nonstop
violent nonviolent
political nonpolitical
essential nonessential
metallic nonmetallic
etc. etc.
non- hyphen: – partisan
non-partisan Hyphen
mis-
write miswrite
read misread
manage mismanage
pronounce mispronounce
understand misunderstand (Page 469)
spell misspell
etc. etc.
2.2 Prefix en- em-
En
force (n.) enforce (v.)
circle (n.) encircle (v.)
large (adj.) enlarge (v.)
dear (adj.) endear (v.)
danger (n.) endanger (v.)
slave (n.) enslave (v.)
noble (adj.) ennoble (v.)
etc. etc.
em – b, m, p
body embody
bitter embitter
power empower
purple empurple
3.3 Prefix
prefix
anti-: –
war antiwar
communist anticommunist
aircraft antiaircraft
social antisocial (Page 470)
meridiem ante meridiem
nuptial ante nuptial
natal antenatal
date antedate
co
author (n.) co-author
operate (v.) co-operate
education (n.) co-education
ex (noun)
president ex-president
wife ex-wife
governor ex-governor
pre-
history pre-history
war pre-war
mature premature
post-
date (v.) post date
war (n.) post war
meridiem (n.) post-meridiem
graduate (v.) postgraduate
re
write rewrite
tell retell
name rename
read reread (Page 471)
sub
standard sub-standard
committee sub-committee
agent sub-agent
editor Sub-editor
governor sub-governor
super
man superman
natural supernatural
film super film
multi
coloured multi-coloured
form multiform
millionaire multimillionaire
poly
technic polytechnic
sylable polysylable
trans-
continental transcontinental (Page 472)
atlantic transatlantic
action transaction
tri-
sylable trisylable
angle triangle
cycle tricycle
bi-
cycle bicycle
polar bipolar
sexual bisexual
inter-
national international
phone interphone
marry intermarry
over-
do overdo
pay overpay
eat overeat
Underline the correct word in brackets for each of the following sentences.
1 Is there an (nation, international) airport in your country ?
2. My mother was sometimes (impatient, patience) with me because I was very lazy at home.
3 All kinds of microbes are (visible, invisible) to the naked eye.
4. Nobody likes Betty. She is a most (unpleasant, pleasant) person.
5. He is very greedy, so we (like, dislike) him. (Page 473)
- Penicillin is an (antibacterial, bacterial) medicine, isn’t it?
7. John tried hard to solve that problem, but he was (unsuccess, unsuccessful.)
8. It is (wise, unwise) for a mother to leave her baby alone.
9. Rani is an educated, uneducated) woman, so she can’t read and write.
10. Do you have an interphone, phone) in your office ?
11. His plan is very difficult. I (agree, disagree) to it.
12. If you sign your name wrong, you will (write, rewrite) it.
13. A large number of people like to go shopping at market, supermarket).
14. We believe, disbelieve) what he said because is a liar.
15. To kill human beings is (legal, illegal).1. International - impatient
- invisble
4 unpleasant
5 dislike
- antibacterial
7 unsuccessful - unwise
9, uneducated
10. Interphone
- disagree
- rewrite
13. Supermarket
14. disbelieve
15 illegalSuffix
Suffix
Suffix
(noun)suffix
(prefix)
Suffix
Suffix1) Noun-Forming Suffixes
-ment
-ism, -ist
-tion
-an, -n
-ty, -ity
-ation
-ness
-ition
-ification
-y, -ery
-er, or
-ing
-sion
-ese
-dom hood
-ship
-ance, ence
-ure
-end
-al
-ee, -e
-ess
-dom
-hood (Page 474)
-ment: –
Verb noun
amuse amusement
achieve achievement
govern government
argue arguement
agree agreement
develop development
etc etc.
-tion
Verb Noun
violate violation
complete completion
appreciate appreciation
attend attention
protect protection
collect collection
produce production
etc. ete.
(Stress)
-ation:
Verb Noun
transport transportation
adapt adaptation
accupy accupation
observe observation
expect expectation
etc. etc.
-ition -ition
(i) (Page 476)
Verb Noun
compete competition
expose exposition
repeat repetition
etc. etc.
-ification -ify -ification
-tion
Verb
classify classification
beautify beautification
amplify amplification
etc. etc.
-Sion
Verb Noun
decide decision
devide division
conclude conclusion
invade invasion
-se, t: –
revise revision
permit permission
Omit omission
– al e, w y :
Verb Noun
arrive arrival
refuse refusal
servive servival
withdraw withdrawal
deny denial
try trial
etc etc.
-ance, -ence –
Verb Noun
resist resistance
assist assistance
differ difference
depend dependence
appear appearance
prefer preference
etc. etc.
-ship (Common noun) (Abstract noun)
1).ship
Common noun Abstract noun
Friend friendship
Owner ownership
King kingship
Member membership
2). Ship
Common noun Abstract noun
Workman workmanship
Outhor outhorship
Musician musicianship
Scholar scholarship
-ee, -e (doer)
Verb Noun
Absent adsentee
Devote devotee
Refuge refugee
Trust trustee
-an, -n ( proper noun) Proper noun
Proper noun
Africa African
America American
Asia Asian (Page 477)
-ant
Assist assistant
Serve servant
-ent
Verb Noun
Study student
Correspond correspondent
Superindend superiendendent
-er, -or
Verb noun
Run runner
Employ employer
Advise adviser
Act actor
Visit visitor
Govern governor
-ese proper noun -ese
Proper noun Noun
Burma Burmese
China Chinese
Japan Japanese
Siam Siamese
-ess
Act (v) actress
Host (n) hostess
Millionaire (n) millionaires
-ism
Criticize (v.) criticism
baptize (v.) baptism
real (adj.) realism
Buddha (n) Buddhism
Commune (n.) Communism (Page 479)
Social (Adj) socialism
National (adj) nationalism
-ist
Piano pianist
art artist
Buddha Buddhist
motor motorist
novel novelist
drama dramatist
-ty, -ity
Adjective Noun
difficult difficulty
honest honesty
certain certainty
regular regularity
pure purity
humid humidity
electric electricity
active activity
-ness ( Adjective)
Adjective noun
happy happiness
ill illness
weak weakness
thick thickness
sad sadness
-ery, -y
Brave bravery
discover discovery
deliver delivery
rob robbery
slave slavery (Page 479)
-ing (verbal Noun)
Verb Noun
speak speaking
run running
swim swimming
write writing
-dom
Free freedom
king kingdom
The animal Kingdom =
The vegetable Kingdom
The United Kingdom =
officialdom
-hood
Noun Abstract Noun
boy boyhood
man manhood
priest priesthood
child childhood
-ure
Verb Noun
close closure
please pleasure
legislate legislature
enclose enclosure
-man
English Englishman
Irish Irishman
country countryman (page 480)
2). Verb-forming suffixes (suffix) (verb)
-ate -ize
-en -s, -es
-ify -ed
-ate
Noun verb
captive captivate
origin originate
motive motivate
facility facilitate
-en
Adjective Verb
soft soften
deep deepen
black blacken
wide widen
sad sadden
-en Abstract Noun noun:
Adjective
long
high
Abstract Noun
length
height length
heighten
-ify
Noun Verb
beauty beautify
person personify
simple simplify
class classify
just justify
ify -ification
noun
class
Verb
classify
Noun
classification (Page 481)
-ize
Noun Verb
Noun Verb
economy economize
vapor vaporize
harmony harmonize
colony colonize
-s, es Present simple
The boy plays the guitar well
She washes her skirt by herself.
-ed past Tense
Prsent Tense Past Tense
want wanted
work worked
play played
3.3) Adjective-Forming Suffixes (adjective)
-able, -ible
-al, -ial
-an, -n
-ant, -ent
-ary, -ory
-ous
-ative
-ed
-en, -n
-er, -, -est, -st
-ese
-fold
-ful
-ing
-ish
-ive, -ative
-less
less
-like
-ly
-most
-y
-some
-word
-ular
-able, -ible
Noun Adjective
fashion fashionable
response responsible
knowledge knowledgeable (Page 482)
Sene sensible
eat eatable
read readable
wash washable
reduce reducible
-al, ial
Noun Adjective
nature natural
nation national
education educational
industry industrial
commerce commercial
resident residential
-an, -n
Noun Adjective
Asia Asian
America American
Africa African
Adjective
John is an American. (noun)
I like the American movie. (adj.)
-ant, -ent
Verb Adjective
reside resident
ignore ignorant
differ different
indulge indulgent
-ary, -ory (Adjective)
Noun Adjective
Discipline (n) disciplinary (Page 483)
Advise(V) advisory
Prime(adj) primary
-Ous
Noun Adjective
humour humourous
danger dangerous
poison poisonous
marvel marvelous
-ative
Verb Adjective
illustrate (v.) illustrative
quantity (n.) quantitative
talk (v.) talkative
cause (v.) causative
-ed
Verb Adjective
disease diseased
talent talented
fry fried friend
I want to eat fried rice.
boil boiled boiled .
She wants to drink boiled water.
-en, -n
Noun Adjective
wood wooden
gold golden
silk silken
wool woolen
leather leathern
-er, -r (comparative) (Page 484)
Tall taller
small smaller
large larger
wise wiser
-est, -st (superlative degree)
tall taller tallest
small smaller smallest
large larger largest
wise wiser wisest
-ese
Noun Adjective
Japan Japanese
China Chinese
Burma Burmese
: Amito is a Japanese tourist.
-fold one, two, three, four, etc.
ten tenfold
four fourfold
eight eightfold
hundred hundredfold
thousand thousandfold
-ful
Noun Adjective
hope hopeful
care careful (Page 485)
Beauty beautiful
Use useful
-ing (Simple Form) Participial Adjective
Verb Adjective
Interest interesting
Bore boring
Amuse amusing
-ish
Noun Adjective
Child childish
Fool foolish
Devil devilish
Pig piggish
2). Adjective adjective
Adjective Adjective(-ish)
young youngish
old oldish
green greenish
fat fattish
red reddish
3). (time)
Noun Adjective
noon noonish
four fourish
midnight midnightish
-tive, ative (Page 486)
Verb adjective
Product productive
Act active
Talk Talkative
Destroy destructive
-less (less ful)
Noun Adjective ful
Care careless (careful)
Fear fearless (fearful)
Pain painless (painful)
Faith faithless (faithful)
Home homeless
-like
Noun Adjective
God godlike
Boy boylike
Man manlike
Dog doglike
-ly
Noun Adjective
Monk monkly
Soldier soldierly
Father fatherly
Friend friendly
Man manly
Ly (Adverb)
Adjective Adverb
Happy happily
Slow slowly
Complete completely (Page 487)
Ly Adjective Adverb
Noun Adjective Adverb
Hour hourly
Day daily
Week weekly
Month monthly
Year yearly
-most (in, out, up, etc.)
Preposition Adjective
In inmost
Out outermost
Up uppermost
-y
Noun Adjective
Sun sunny
Dust dusty
Cloud cloudy
Wind windy
Fun funny
-some
Noun Adjective
Trouble troublesome
Quarrel quarrelsome
-ward
Noun Adjective
Back backward
Down downward
Up upward
East eastward
North northward
-ular (Page 488)
Noun Adjective
Angle angular
Circle circular
Table tabular
Muscle muscular
Build each word in brackets with the appropriate form by means of using the suffixes.
1. Thailand is a……………………………………….(fame) country for rice, corns and cassava.
2 Is this a……………………………………………… (day) newspaper or a (week) magazine ?
3. Don’t approach the snake because it is……………………………………….(danger)
4. His hobby is a …………………………………………………………(collect) of stamps
5. You should make up your……………………………….(decide) or else you miss the morning train.
6, Don’t walk over the carpets in your……………………………. (mud) boots.
7 Somsri is the most………………………………..(beauty) in her class.
8. Is there a good French……………… (translate) of Shakespeare’s Play ?
9 During the summer holidays many children enjoyed their………………………….(free).
10 The…………………………………….. (manage) of the National Bank required a capable man.
11. It is impossible for him to tell you the truth. I always think he is a…………………………(lie).
12 Your ………………………….(able) to solve those problems is almost incredible.
13. His (appear) at the party last night excited everyone.
14. Thamayanti is a well-known…………………….. (novel) in Thailand.
15. I am not going to give my son the job just because of our……………(relation).
1. Famous
- daily, weekly
3 dangerous
4 collection
5 decision
- muddy
7 beautiful
8 translation
- freedom
10. Management - liar
- ability
13 appearance
14. novelist
15. relationship (Page 489)