page(513-530)
Chapter 27
Definition
Sentence combining is the process of joining two or more short, simple sentences to make one longer sentence. Sentence combining activities are generally regarded as an effective alternative to more traditional methods of teaching grammar.
Combination of Sentences
: Combination of Sentences
: Combination of Sentences
- Simple Sentence
- Compound Sentence
- Complex Sentence
Simple Sentence
Simple Sentence
Simple Sentence (Finite Verb)
Simple Sentence
Simple Sentence
- Infinitive
- Participle
- Absolute Phrase
- Noun in Apposition
- Prepositional Phrase
- Adverb Phrase
Infinitive
: I have many children, I must bring them up.
I have many children to bring them up.
: He must finish these exercises. There are still two more exercises. (Page 513)
He still has two more exercises to finish
Participle
: They saw the teacher. They stopped talking.
Seeing the teacher, they stopped talking
He returned home. He had finished his work.
Having finished his work, he returned home.
Absolute Phrase
The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.
The teacher came. The boys stopped playing
The teacher coming, the boy stopped playing
Noun in Apposition
This is my close friend. His name is Suwat.
This is my close friend, Suwat.
This town was once a prosperous seaport. It is now a heap of ruins.
This town, once a prosperous seaport, is now a heap of ruins.
Prepositional Phrase 4
:He is poor. He is unhappy. (Page 514)
He is unhappy because of his poverty.
He failed many times. He still hopes to succeed.
In spite of many failures, he still hopes to succeed.
Adverb Phrase –
Apasara is very beautiful. Her beauty is incomparable.
Apasara is incomparably beautiful.
I met him only once. It was in a theatre.
I met him only once in a theatre.
The sun set. They had not finished their work.
They had not finished their work by Sunset.
Compound Sentence
Compound Sentence
Compound Sentence Simple Sentence
Co-ordinate Conjunction
Relative Pronoun Relative Adverb
Compound Sentence Co-ordinate Conjunction
Co-ordinate Conjunction
She is poor. She is happy
She is poor, but she is happy. (Page 515)
David was annoyed. David kept quiet.
David was annoyed; however
yet
but
still
nevertheless
Co-ordinate Conjunction
The girl ran away The girl was afraid of the dog.
he kept quiet.
The girl ran away; for she was afraid of the dog.
I could go in, for The door was opened.
It is very dark. I cannot see.
Co-ordinate Conjunction
It may be a cat in the kitchen. It may be a rat in the kitchen.
It may be cat or a rat in the kitchen.
Do not be a borrower. Do not be a leader.
Co-ordinate Conjunction
He is a fool. He is a knave. (Page 516)
He is Doth a fool and a knave. (Co-ord. Conj.)
:Sak learns English. Ladda learns English.
(Co-ord, Conj.)
Co-ordinate Conjunction
She is rich, She is beautiful. She is unhappy.
: She is rich and beautiful, but unhappy.
Complex Sentence
Complex Sentence
Complex Sentence
Main Clause Subordinate
Clause Complex Sentence
Main Clause Subordinate Clause
Noun Clause, Adjective Clause Adverb Clause
: He is very lazy. This is certain
: It is certain that he is very lazy. (Noun Clause)
: This is the postman. The postman brings us letters every day.
This is the postman, who brings us letters every day.
(Adjective Clause)
It is very difficult. I can’t do it.
It is so difficult that I can’t do it.
(Adv. clause) (Page 571)
I have a duty to ferform. Th duty is very boring.
I have a duty, which is very boring , to perform.
Combine these sentences into only One Sentence using the word or words given
in brackets.
- I don’t believe him as I know he is a liar. (because of
- He cannot go to work because he is ill (owing to)
- He had no money left, so he was obliged to go away. (having)
- That man is polite. Everybody likes him. (such a…..that)
- He must finish these exercises. There are still two more exercises. (to finish)
- They saw the teacher. They stopped talking. (seeing)
- The sun rose. The fog disappeared. (having)
- He failed many times. He still hopes to succeed. (in spite of)
- This exercise is easy. I can do it without help. (enough)
Combine these sentences into Compound Sentence using the word or words given
in brackets.
- Robert was annoyed. He kept quiet. (however)
- He could go in. The door was opened. (for)
- Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender. (neither…nor)
- Prasert speaks French. Prasan speaks French. (not only…but also)
- He is a fool. He is a knave. (both…and)
- She is rich. She is beautiful. She is unhappy. (and…but)
Combine these sentences into Complex Sentence using Noun Clause, Adjective
Clause and Adverb Clause.
- She was crossing the street. A car hit her.
- She got married. This is certain.
- He ran very quickly. I couldn’t catch him
- Wanlop is a postman. The postman brings us letters every day
- I have a duty to perform. The duty is very boring. (Page 518)
- I don’t believe him because of his lies.
- He cannot go to work owing to his illness.
- Having no money left, he was obliged to go away.
- He is such a polite man that everybody likes him.
- He still has two more exercises to finish.
- Seeing the teacher, they stopped talking.
- The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.
- In spite of his failure many times, he still hopes to succeed
- This exercise is easy enough for me to do without help
- Robert was annoyed, however he kept quiet.
- He could go in, for the door was opened
- Neither a borrower nor a lender.
- Not only Prasert but also Prasan speaks French
- He is both a fool and a knave.
- She is rich and beautiful, but unhappy.
- While she was crossing the street, a car hit her.
- It is certain that she got married.
- He ran so quickly that I couldn’t catch him
- Wanlop is a postman, who brings us letters every day.
- I have a duty, which is very boring, to perform.
Transformation of sentences
Transformation of sentences
Transformation of sentences (Page 519)
1.1 (Comparison)
(positive)
(comparative)
(superlative
No other mountain in the world is as high as Everest.
I don’t love any other person as much as my mother
No other metal is a useful as iron.
Everest is higher than any other mountain in the world
I love my mother better than any other person.
Iron is more useful than any other metal.
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
I love my mother best.
Iron is the most useful of all metals.
Verb u Noun
Though he failed, he was not sorry.
In spite of his failure, he was not sorry.
(fail Verb, failure Noun) (Page 520)
That kind of joke does not amuse us
That kind of joke does not give us any amusement.
(amuse Verb, Noun)
Adjective Noun
A small ant is as intelligent as the big elephant.
small ant has much as intelligence as the big elephant
(intelligent u Adjective, intelligence u Noun)
: His braveness is incomparable.
He is incomparably brave.
(incomparable Adjective, incomparably u Adverb)
Verb Adverb
: The defenders succeeded in repelling every attack
l The defenders successfully repelled every attack
(succeed Verb, successfully Adverb)
Noun Adverb
I had no intention of annoying you.
I did not intentionally annoy you
(intention Noun, intentionally Adverb)
Conjunction Preposition
He died because he was careless.
he died because of his carelessness.
(because Conjunction, because of Preposition)
Sanit is a poet as well as a writer
Besides a writer, Sanit is a poet.
(as well as Conjunction, besides Preposition) (Page 521)
(a) though, although, notwithstanding (that), however, as, in spite of in despite of
: Though he is poor, he is always happy.
spite of his poverty
Notwithstanding his poverty
However poor he is,
Although he is poor
Poor as he is,
he is always happy
(b) so…that too to
: He is too weak to work hard
He is so weak that he cannot work hard.
This news is too good to be true.
This news is 50 good that it cannot be true
I am too sleepy to keep my eyes open.
l am so sleepy that I cannot keep my eyes open
If-sentence If it
(a) (Inversion)
If you work hard, you will succeed,
Hard you work, you will succeed
If you had been there, he wouldn’t have done it.
Had you been there, he wouldn’t have done it. (Page 522)
- b) Preposition
If he is absent. hand it to his wife
In case of his absence, hand it to his wife
R: If we have no food, we can’t live
Without food, we can’t live.
(c) one more
If you come a step nearer. I will shoot you.
One more step, and I shoot you
(d) Participial Phrase
If you turn to the right, you will find the place you are looking for
Turning to the right, you will find the place you are looking for
(e) Infinitive Phrase
I shall be very glad if I can help you in any way.
shall be very glad to be able to help you in any way.
2
Simple Sentence, Compound Sentence un: Complex Sentence
Simple :This work is too hard for me to do.
Complex : This work is very hard, so I can’t do it.
Complex : This work is so hard that I can’t do it.
Simple
Walking along the street, the poor boy was hit by a motor car.
Compound : The poor boy walking along the street and was hit by a motor car.
Complex The poor boy who was walking along the street was hit by a motor car. (Page 523)
Simple Sentence y Compound Sentence
Simple Sentence Compound
Simple Sentence to Compound Sentence
Simple Sentence ml Tonn3 (Finite Verb)
Compound Sentence (word)
M phrase) simple Sentence Co-ordinate Conjunction
And-type, Or-type, But-type, So-type
Simple Sentence Besides making a promise, he keeps it.
Compound Sentence: He not only makes a promise, but also he keeps it. (And-type)
Simple Sentence :You must confess your fault to escape being executed.
Compound Sentence: You must confess your fault, or you will be executed. (Or-type)
Simple Sentence Notwithstanding his failure, he did not feel sorry
Compound Sentence He failed, but he did not feel sorry
(But-type)
Simple Sentence He didn’t go to work because of his illness.
Compound Sentence : He was ill, so he didn’t go to work.
(So-type)
Compound Sentence Simple Sentence
Coordinate Clause (words)
phrases)
Compound Sentence: He had no money left, and so he was obliged to go away
Simple Sentence
Having no money left, he was obliged to go away
(He had no money left participial phrase)
Compound Sentence: He must work hard, or he will not get promotion. (page 524)
simple Sentence: Without working hard, he will not get promotion
(He must work hard u prepositional phrase)
Compound Sentence: He is not only a singer , but also a boxer.
Simple sentence: He is not only a singer, but also a boxer
( He is ………a singer prepositional phrase)
Compound Sentence: You must turn to the right, and you will find the house of your friend
Simple Sentence : Turning to the right, you will find the house of your friend
(You must turn to the right u participial phrase)
Compound Sentence Complex Sentence
Compound Sentence Complex Sentence
: Compound Sentence
(Clause) Co-ordinate
Conjunction :
Speak the truth, and you needn’t have any fear.
He is very poor, but he is always honest.
Walk quickly, or you will miss the train
She is wealthy, but she is never happy.
Compound Sentence Coordinate Conjunction Clause Clause Compound Sentence Complex Sentence
Clause Co-ordinate Conjunction Main Clause Clause Co-ordinate Conjunction u Subordinate Clause Subordinate Conjunction if, unless, though, because, that, since, provide that, till, until, although. etc.)
(Page 525)
Page 526
Compound : Speak the truth, and you needn’t have any fear.
Complex = If you speak the truth, you needn’t have any fear.
Compound : He is very poor, but he is always honest.
Complex = He is always honest, though he is very poor.
Compound : Walk quickly, or you will miss the train.
Complex = Unless you walk quickly, you will miss the train.
Compound : She is wealthy, but she is never happy.
Complex = Though she is wealthy, she is never happy.
Compound : He is very lazy, so he always fails.
Complex = He always fails because he is very lazy.
Complex Sentence Compound Sentence Subordinate Clause Clause Clause Main Clause Clause Clause Main Clause Subordinate Clause Co-ordinate Conjunction
Complex = Though he is a strong man, he never works hard.
Compound : He is a strong man, but he never works hard.
Complex = I have found the pen that I lost.
Compound : I lost a pen, but I have found it.
If you don’t help her, I must do so.
Page 527
Compound : Either you or I must help her.
Complex = Unless you start now, you will not finish it by sunset.
Compound : start now, or you will not finish if by sunset.
Simple Sentence Complex Sentence
Simple Sentence Complex Sentence
Simple Sentence (Finite-Verb) Simple Sentence Complex Sentence Simple Sentence Subordinate Clause Subordinate Conjuncition
Simple : I am sure of your success.
Complex = I am sure that you will succeed. (Noun Clausse)
Simple : Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is situated on the left bank of the Chao Praya River.
Complex = Bangkok, which is the capital of Thailand, is situated on the left bank of the Chao Praya River.
(Adjective Clause)
Simple : On reaching home, they went to bed.
Complex = As soon as they reached home, they went to bed. (adverb Clause)
Simple : I have no money to spare you.
Complex = I have no money that I can spare you.
(Adjective Clause)
Page 528
Simple : My grandfather died at the age of seventy-five
Complex = My grandfather died when he was seventy-five years old.
(Adverb Clause)
Simple : He paid off his brother’s debts.
Complex = He paid off the debts which his brother had contdracted.
(Adjective Clause)
Complex Sentence Simple Sentence
Complex sentence Simple Sentence
Complex Sentence Main Clause Subordinate Clause Subordinate Clause
- Noun Clause
- Adjective Clause
- Adverb Clause
Complex Sentence Simple Sentence
- Noun noun clause
- Adjective adjective clause
- Adverb adverb clause.
Noun Noun Clause
Complex : These are what I require.
Simple = These are my requirements.
Complex : He said that he was innocent.
Simple = He declared his innocence.
Page 529
Complex : Tell me where she lives.
Simple = Tell me her address.
Complex : He remarked how beautiful she was.
Simple = He remarked on her beauty.
Complex : She wants to know what my name is.
Simple = She wants to know my name.
Adjective Adjective Clause
Complex : He died in the village where he was born.
Simple = He died in his native village.
Complex : This is the house that Jack Built.
Simple = This is the house built by Jeck.
Complex = That’s the motor car wihich is made in Thailand.
Simple = That’s the motor car made in Thailand.
Adverb Adverb Clause
Complex : He died when he was sixty years old.
Simple = He died at the age of sixty
Complex : I was surprised when I heard her talk so.
Page 530
Simple = I was surprised to hear her talk so.
Complex : No one is so old that he cannot learn.
Simple = No one is too old to learn.
Complex: Billy always fails because he is very lazy.
Simple = Billy always fails because of his laziness.
Transform the following sentences into Compound Sentence.
- Besides making a promise, he keeps it.
- Ti Yai must confess his fault to escape being executed.
- In spite of his failure, he was not sorry.
- Owing to his bad health, he cannot work hard.
- Without working hard, you will not get promotion.
- Turning to the right, you will find the house of your friend.
Transform the following sentences into Complex Sentences.
- Speak the truth, and you needn’t have any fear.
- He is wealthy, but he is never happy.
- I spite of his poverty, he is always happy.
- She lost the rubber, but she has found it.
- He must study hard, or he will fail again.
- Either you or I must help her.
- He not only makes a promise but also keeps it.
- Ti Yai must confess his fault, or he will be executed.
- He failed but he was not sorry.
- He is in bad health, and so he cannot work hard.
- You must work hard, or you will not get promotion.
- Please turn to the right, and you will find the house of your friend.
- If you speak the truth, you needn’t have any fear.
- Though he is wealthy, he is never happy.
- Although he is poor, he is always happy.
- She has found the rubber that she lost.
- Unless he studies hard, he will fail again.
- If you don’t help her, I must do so.