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Other Financial Management Topics

Financial Management

Foreign Exchange Market ( Forex, FX or Currency Market)

Foreign Exchange Market ( Forex, FX or Currency Market)  The foreign exchange market ( Forex, FX or currency market) is a global online network where traders buy and sell currencies, and participants are able to buy, sell, exchange and speculate on currencies. The foreign exchange market is made up of banks, commercial companies, central banks, investment management firms, hedge funds, and retail forex brokers and investors. Also

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Theory and Influence Factors on Dividend Policy

Dividend policy  Dividend policy is concerned with financial policies regarding paying dividend . When cash surplus exists and is not needed by the company, then management is expected to pay out some or all of those surplus earnings in the form of cash dividends or share buyback. The dividends a company pays may be treated as a signal to investors. A company needs

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Financial Statement and Ratio Analysis

Financial Statement and Ratio Analysis Financial ratios are mathematical comparisons of financial statements or categories. These relationships between the financial statement accounts help investors, creditors, and internal company management understand how well a business is performing and of areas needing improvement. Values used in calculating financial ratios are taken from the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows or (sometimes) the statement of changes

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Modified internal rate of return (MIRR)

Modified internal rate of return (MIRR) Modified internal rate of return (MIRR) assumes that positive cash flows are reinvested at the firm’s cost of capital. By contrast, the internal rate of return (IRR) assumes the cash flows from a project are reinvested at the IRR. PV is present value (at the beginning of the first period) FV is future value

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Free cash flow (FCF) or free cash flow to firm (FCFF)

Free cash flow (FCF) or free cash flow to firm (FCFF) Free cash flow (FCF) or free cash flow to firm (FCFF) is a measure of a company’s financial performance, calculated as operating cash flow minus capital expenditures. FCF represents the cash that a company is able to generate after spending the money required to maintain or expand its asset

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Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)

Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is a calculation of a firm’s cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted. Companies raise money from all sources of capital, including common stock, preferred stock, bonds and any other long-term debt, are included in a WACC calculation. Different securities are expected to generate different returns. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the rate

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Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, and it is related with a well-diversified portfolio. The CAPM formula is: ra = rrf + Ba (rm-rrf) where: rrf = the rate of return for a risk-free security rm = the broad market’s expected rate of return Ba = beta of the asset The model takes into account the asset’s sensitivity to

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Cost of redeemable debt

Cost of redeemable debt Redeemable debts are those which will be repaid to the debt investors after a specific period, while irredeemable or perpetual debt is not repaid back to the debt investors—only interest on this is paid regularly. If debt is redeemable, the cost of debt is calculated as the redemption yield on the debt. The redemption yield is

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Cost of irredeemable debt

Cost of irredeemable debt Irredeemable debt is debt that has no specific redemption date or maturity period. The issuing authority or entity pays a specified interest rate periodically but provides no data on when principal will be returned. Another name for irredeemable debt is perpetual debt or consol. As long as a company or other issuing entity does not default

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