Operational risk is “the risk of a change in value caused by the fact that actual losses, incurred for inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events (including legal risk), differ from the expected losses”. This definition, adopted by the European union Solvency II Directive for insurers, is a variation from that adopted in the Basel
Continue reading Practitioners have advanced and regulators have accepted a financial risk management technique called value at risk (VaR), which examines the tail end of a distribution of returns for changes in exchange rates to highlight the outcomes with the worst returns. Banks in Europe have been authorized by the Bank for International Settlements to employ VaR models of their own design
Continue reading A firm’s translation exposure is the extent to which its financial reporting is affected by exchange rate movements. As all firms generally must prepare consolidated financial statements for reporting purposes, the consolidation process for multinationals entails translating foreign assets and liabilities or the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries from foreign to domestic currency. While translation exposure may not affect a
Continue reading A firm has economic exposure (also known as forecast risk) to the degree that its market value is influenced by unexpected exchange rate fluctuations. Such exchange rate adjustments can severely affect the firm’s market share position with regards to its competitors, the firm’s future cash flows, and ultimately the firm’s value. Economic exposure can affect the present value of future
Continue reading A firm has transaction exposure whenever it has contractual cash flows (receivables and payables) whose values are subject to unanticipated changes in exchange rates due to a contract being denominated in a foreign currency. To realize the domestic value of its foreign-denominated cash flows, the firm must exchange foreign currency for domestic currency. As firms negotiate contracts with set prices
Continue reading Foreign exchange risk (also known as FX risk, exchange rate risk or currency risk) is a financial risk that exists when a financial transaction is denominated in a currency other than that of the base currency of the company. Foreign exchange risk also exists when the foreign subsidiary of a firm maintains financial statements in a currency other than the
Continue reading Financial management can be defined as the management of the finances of an organisation in order to achieve the financial objectives of the organisation. The usual assumption in financial management for the private sector is that the objective of the company is to maximise shareholders’ wealth. Financial targets may include targets for: earnings; earnings per share; dividend per share; gearing
Continue reading CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND FINANCE COSTS (F3): LEARNING OBJECTIVES I.THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY II.ORDINARY SHARE CAPITAL III.RIGHTS ISSUES IV.BONUS ISSUES V. DIVIDENDS VI. LOAN NOTES ( LOAN STOCK) VII. PREFERENCE SHARES VIII. OTHER RESERVES IX. INCOME TAX ……………………………………………… I. THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY Finance is provided by the capital invested in the business.
Continue reading IAS 37 – PROVISIONS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND CONTINGENT ASSETS (F3): LEARNING OBJECTIVES I.DEFINITIONS II.PROVISION RECOGNITION III.THRESHOLD of IAS 37 IV.EXAMPLE FOR IAS 37 ……………………………………………………… I. DEFINITIONS A provision is a liability where the timing or the amount is uncertain. A contingent liability is a liability that may result, but depends (or is contingent) on the outcome of uncertain events. For
Continue reading IAS 16 PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT (F3): LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.Definition 2.Recognition 3.Initial Measurement 4.Subsequent Expenditure 5.Subsequent Measurement 6.Depreciation ……………………………………. 1. IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment Definition: Property, plant and equipment are tangible assets held by an entity for more than one accounting period for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or
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